Israelit Safa Yafa (Israeli, a Beautiful Language: Hebrew as Myth)

Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 2008

הוצאת עם עובד ‏2008

972

ישראלית שפה יפה
Israelit Safa Yafa
Israeli, a Beautiful Language

גלעד צוקרמן
(Ghil‘ad Zuckermann)


*** מופיע ברשימת רבי המכר של הארץ, 31.12.08 ***
*** מופיע ברשימת רבי המכר של הארץ, 7.1.09 ***
*** מופיע ברשימת רבי המכר של הארץ, 14.1.09 ***
*** מופיע ברשימת רבי המכר של הארץ, 21.1.09 ***


תקציר הספר

האם אתגר קרת וש"י עגנון כותבים באותה שפה? האם הלשון המדוברת בישראל היא אמנם העברית של כתבי הקודש מקדמת דנא, או שמדובר בשפה אחרת, עם דנ"א שונה? האם ניתן להחיות לשון מתה קלינית שלא דיברו בה כשפת אם כ-1750 שנה? או שמא החייאה תמיד תכלול הפרייה הדדית עם שפות האם של המחיים? תמיד אמרו לנו "עברית שפה יפה" ודרשו מאיתנו "עברי, דבר עברית!" אבל באיזו שפה הישראלים מדברים בעצם?

ישראלים נוטים לחשוב שהם דוברים את לשונו של ישעיהו הנביא (עם טעויות). הם מאמינים ששפתם היא עברית לתקופותיה (תנ"כית\משנאית...) שהוחייתה בסוף המאה ה-19 ובראשית המאה ה-20. כדי לשמור על ה"טוהר" שלה, הם נוטים לתקן "טעויות" ללא הרף: "אל תאמר 'עשר שקל', אמור 'עשרה שקלים'!", "אל תגידי 'יש לי את הספר', הגידי 'יש לי הספר'!" וכו'. ואולם השאלה היא מדוע הישראלים לכאורה "טועים" כל הזמן בשפתם שלהם?

בספרו החדשני מציג פרופ' גלעד צוקרמן תשובה מקורית ומפתיעה: השם המתאים לשפה שאנו מדברים היום אינו "עברית" אלא "ישראלית". ולא מדובר כאן כלל וכלל בשינוי סמנטי בלבד. טהרני השפה מנסים לכפות דקדוק עברי על שפה חדשה בעלת הגיון פנימי משל עצמה. "החייאת השפה העברית" רווייה מיתוסים שהם תולדה של אידאולוגיית "שלילת הגולה", התכחשות להיברידיות היהודית, ולאומיות התרה אחר עתיקוּת יומין. השפה שאנו מדברים היום אינה העברית השמית הישנה אלא שפת-כִּלְאיים שמית-אירופית בת 120 שנה. איזו מן שפה זאת הישראלית? הספר ישראלית שפה יפה מגולל את סיפורה.

הספר מנתח בפשטות ובאלגנטיות את יחסי הגומלין בין הישראלית, העברית, היידיש ושפות אחרות. שילוב ההשפעות השמיות והאירופאיות ניכר כבר בדקדוק ובאוצר המילים של התורמות העיקריות לשפה הישראלית. בעוד היידיש עוצבה על-ידי העברית והארמית, לשונות הודו-אירופאיות (כמו יוונית) מילאו תפקיד חשוב בעברית. לאופייה של הישראלית כשפת-כִּלְאיים אירו-אסיאתית השלכות חשובות ביותר לגבי גבולות היכולת להחיות שפה, גנטיקה וטיפולוגיה בלשנית, סוציו-לינגוויסטיקה ובלשנות-מגע.

זהו ספר מלא הומור ואהבה לשפה ולדובריה, מסע מרתק בעקבות הלשון הישראלית. בעודו מעמיד למבחן את ההנחות המוכרות לנו, חושף הספר אמת אחרת, שבכוחה לשנות את האופן שבו אנחנו תופסים את השפה שלנו בפרט ואת התרבות הישראלית בכלל.


על מחבר הספר

פרופ' גלעד צוקרמן, D.Phil. (אוקספורד), Ph.D. (titular) (קיימברידג'), M.A. בהצטיינות יתרה (תל אביב), נולד בתל אביב ב-1971, היה יושב ראש סניף נוער לנוער (BBYO) באילת (1987-1986), למד במכללת העולם המאוחד באיטליה  (1989-1987) (United World College of the Adriatic), שירת בצה"ל ב-1993-1989 ולמד בתוכנית הבין תחומית לתלמידים מצטיינים ע"ש עדי לאוטמן באוניברסיטת תל אביב (1997-1993). כיום הוא פרופסור חבר באוניברסיטת קווינסלנד, ברית' בין (הבת'רים) (בריסביין) ובעל מענק יוקרתי מטעם מועצת המחקר של ממשלת אוסטרליה. הוא היה פרופסור אורח באנגליה, בסינגפור, בארה"ב ובישראל ובעל משרות-מחקר בכירות בקיימברידג' (אנגליה), במלבורן (אוסטרליה), בבלאג'ו (איטליה), באוסטין (טקסס) ובטוקיו (יפן). בין פירסומיו הרבים – למשל באנגלית, בישראלית, באיטלקית, ביידיש, בספרדית, בגרמנית, ברוסית ובסינית –  כלול הספר Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). הוא שולט ביותר מ-10 שפות. אתר האינטרנט של פרופ' צוקרמן הוא http://www.zuckermann.org/ .


קצרים

"משובב נפש" (ירון לונדון, לונדון את קירשנבאום, ערוץ 10)

"ספר חובה לכל ישראלי" (פרופ' שלמה זנד, השקת הספר בתולעת ספרים, תל אביב, 11.1.09)

"בבסיס דבריו של צוקרמן יש הרבה יותר משמץ של אמת... הספר הזה צריך להתקבל ולהביא לשינוי מסוים בגישות השמרניות המקובלות, החינוכית והמדעית...הספר כתוב בלשון פשוטה ובהירה, מכוונת לכלל המתעניינים בשפה...והוא רווי בהומור רב" (אהרן פורת, מקור ראשון, 9.1.09)

"גלעד צוקרמן כתב ספר שנון, מרתק ומשעשע...ההדגמה בספר החדשני הזה היא באמצעות הדקדוק" (מנחם פרי, Ynet ידיעות אחרונות , 20.1.09)

"'ישראלית שפה יפה' מראה בצורה משכנעת באיזו מידה העברית הישראלית שונה מהעברית המקראית - ובדרך מספק אוצר של אנקדוטות לשעות ארוכות של שיחות סלון" (טל לינזן, TIME OUT תל אביב, 22.1.09)

"הבלשן גלעד צוקרמן טוען – ומדגים – מדוע אין הישראלים מדברים עברית...אלא שפה חדשה, שהוא מכנה 'ישראלית'...הסקירה המקיפה שלו את השינויים בשפה – בהגייה, בהטעמה, בסיומות, בהשאלות משפות זרות – היא לא פחות ממרתקת ו...כתובה באופן קריא להפתיע" (פאר פרידמן, מעריב/תרבות , 26.12.08)

"פרופ' צוקרמן הוא חוקר מבריק. עוד כשלמד בתוכנית למצטיינים באוניברסיטת תל אביב ידעתי שהוא יגיע רחוק" (פרופ' מאיה פרוכטמן, השקת הספר בספריה העירונית ע"ש לזר, רעננה, 19.1.09)

"מאיר בצורה משכנעת (ומשעשעת למדי) את מקורותיה הרבגוניים של שפת הדיבור הנהוגה היום בארצנו" (ישראל ברטל, ידיעות אחרונות, 9.1.09)

"מעניין ואנרגטי... אני יכול לקבל את התזה של צוקרמן, ולעשות בה שימוש מעשי שיעזור לי להסתגל להבדלים המצפוניים בשפה שאני דובר. מבחינתי טוב שתהיה הבחנה בסיסית בין עברית לישראלית. אולי זה מה שיגשר על הפער האידאולוגי בין השפה שלי לשפה הממסדית" (ניסן שור, TIME OUT תל אביב, 29.1.09)

"מרתק, מרענן, מרחיב דעת, משעשע, משועשע...ליברלי, רדיקלי" (פרופ' פניה עוז-זלצברגר, השקת הספר בסינמטק, חיפה, 28.1.09)

"פרובוקטיבי" (חנוך מרמרי, TIME OUT תל אביב, 29.1.09)

"ניכר כי פרופ' צוקרמן אוהב שפות ואוהב לשחק עם שפות" (פרופ' תמר כתריאל, השקת הספר בסינמטק, חיפה, 28.1.09)



מצאו את ההבדלים
מבולבלים? גם אנחנו!

"הספר הזה קורא לדיון מעמיק." (נועם אורדן, הארץ, 24.12.08)
VERSUS
"'עשר שקל' הוא קשקוש בתחת." (יוסי שריד, הארץ, 28.12.08)


"צוקרמן הוא איש מבריק וידען, והוא מעלה תופעות חשובות." (רוביק רוזנטל, הזירה הלשונית, NRG מעריב, 18.12.08)
VERSUS
"הפרופסור ארך השיער והקופצני הזה" "בא לכבדנו בביקור מולדת" (בני ציפר, Online הארץ , 19.12.08)


"מה שהדהים אותי בתגובות לספר הוא אפס המידע שאנשים נזקקים לו כדי לא להסכים אתו, ועוד בנחרצות." (נועם אורדן, הארץ, 24.12.08)
VERSUS
"הגיע הזמן, באמת, שמלומדים ישובו אל מגדל השן שממנו באו." (בני ציפר, Online הארץ , 19.12.08)


"היידיש היא תשוקתו של הבלשן הצעיר והמבריק גלעד צוקרמן...המלאי הגדול של דוגמאות שהוא מביא, ממיין ונותן להם שמות...ראוי בהחלט להקשבה וללימוד" (יצחק לאור, הארץ, 9.1.09)
VERSUS
"משכנע, נחמד, מזיק", "ספר מעניין אך מרגיז" (חגי חיטרון, הארץ, 24.12.08)



השקות ספר

(1)
יום ה', 8 בינואר 2009, 630 בערב
הספרייה העירונית, אילת
מנחה: עטרה ישראלי
בין המשתתפים: בנימינה בלום, מירלה הראל, פרופ' גלעד צוקרמן

(2)
יום א', 11 בינואר 2009, 7 בערב
תולעת ספרים, ליד כיכר רבין, תל אביב
מנחה: ניר ברעם
בין המשתתפים: עמוס גיתאי, פרופ' שלמה זנד, פרופ' גלעד צוקרמן
(אילן גונן)
סופרנו: מעין גולדנפלד
בין הנוכחים: פרופ' דורון לנצט, ד"ר אורן הרמן, ד"ר חנה הרציג

(3)
יום ב', 19 בינואר 2009, 8 בערב
הספריה העירונית ע"ש לזר, בית יד לבנים, רח' אחוזה 147, רעננה
מנחה: ד"ר צביה ולדן
בין המשתתפים: פרופ' מאיה פרוכטמן, ד"ר חנה הרציג, ליאור לקס, פרופ' גלעד צוקרמן
דיג'רידו: אייל עמית
פסנתר: דני הלפרין
מארגנת: מרים פרינץ

(4)
יום ד', 21 בינואר 2009, 8 בערב
קרון הספרים, רח' המגדל 2, טבעון
מנחה: ד"ר חגי רוגני
בין המשתתפים: רוביק רוזנטל, ד"ר רינה בן-שחר, ד"ר משה יצחקי, ד"ר חגי רוגני, פרופ' גלעד צוקרמן
שירה: תמי אשכנזי

(5)
יום ג', 27 בינואר 2009, 630 בערב
בית הילל, האוניברסיטה העברית, הר הצופים, ירושלים
מנחה: אדיק קפצן
בין המשתתפים: דוד בן-נחום, פרופ' גלעד צוקרמן
בין הנוכחים הפעילים: פרופ' אשר לאופר

(6)
יום ד', 28 בינואר 2009, 7 בערב
סינמטק חיפה, שד' הנשיא 142, חיפה
מנחה: ד"ר רינה בן-שחר
בין המשתתפים: פרופ' פניה עוז-זלצברגר, פרופ' תמר כתריאל, ד"ר ארז כהן, דוד בן-נחום, פרופ' גלעד צוקרמן
חלילים: אליהו גמליאל
מארגנים: ניסים בן-ג'ויה, סמי מיכאל, רחל יונה-מיכאל

(7)
יום א', 1 בפברואר 2009, 830 בערב
בית מיכל, רח' הגר"א 10, רחובות
ברכות: ראש עיריית רחובות
הרצאה מעמיקה של פרופ' גלעד צוקרמן
בין הנוכחים: רם אורן, פרופ' תמר פלש, נועם אורדן
מארגנת: דפנה מנור

השקות ספר באוסטרליה

(8) 
יום ה', 2 באפריל 2009, 6 בערב
בריסביין
American Book Store, 197 Elizabeth St (opposite Hilton), CBD

(9) 
יום ב', 8 ביוני 2009, 430 אחה"ץ
סידני
אוניברסיטת ניו סאות' ויילס
מנחה: ניצה לואנסטין לווינשטיין לוונסטין

(10) 
יום א', 12 ביולי 2009, 8 בערב
מלבורן
"דברים בעלמא"
Alma Club, 1 Wilks St, Caulfield North
מנחה: רות (רותי) גילמור
בין הדוברים: ד"ר אורי תדמור, ד"ר דביר אברמוביץ', ד"ר ברוריה ברגמן, חגי ארמן, יהודה קפלן, פרופ' גלעד צוקרמן
מארגנת: עינת בניטו, המרכז הישראלי


לקט עיתונות

http://www.zuckermann.org/israelit.html

ביידיש: http://yiddish.forward.com/node/1753

באנגלית: http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3333948,00.html

בישראלית

* פרופ' צוקרמן והתעויוט \ אילת נגב (שבעה ימים, ידיעות אחרונות, 12.12.08)

* מי גאון של אמא? \ מירב לוי דיאמנט (ערב ערב, 10.1.08)
http://www.ereverev.co.il/article.asp?id=5445

* ישראלית שפה יפה \ גלעד צוקרמן (הו!, NRG מעריב)
http://www.nrg.co.il/online/5/ART/945/896.html

* עברית בשתי שקל \ עמרי הרצוג (הארץ, 30.9.08)
http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/1024807.html

* הישראלית של גלעד צוקרמן \ רוביק רוזנטל (NRG מעריב, 18.12.08)

* אף אחד לא מדבר עברית (מאמר תגובה למאמר הביקורת של רוביק רוזנטל) \ גלעד צוקרמן (NRG מעריב, 25.12.08)
http://www.nrg.co.il/online/47/ART1/830/671.html

* ישראלית שפה יפה, גלעד צוקרמן | שמע ישראל או שמע ישראלית \ נועם אורדן (הארץ , 24.12.08)
http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/1049299.html

* ישראלית שפה יפה, גלעד צוקרמן | משכנע, נחמד, מזיק \ חגי חיטרון (הארץ , 24.12.08)

* בני ציפר נגד הוולקנו - פרובוקציה מיותרת \ בני ציפר (Online הארץ , 19.12.08)

* קוף לקוף יביע אומר \ יוסי שריד Politician Yossi Sarid (הארץ 28.12.08)

* אחד משלנו \ מלי פישמן (העיר, 8.1.09)
http://eilati.co.il/article_3381.asp

* היידיש היא תשוקתו; בחרו להם כתב אשורי ולשון עברי \ יצחק לאור (הארץ, 9.1.09)

* הישראלית מזמן כבר פה \ מנחם פרי (Ynet ידיעות אחרונות , 20.1.09)

*ישראלי, דבר ישראלית! \ גלעד צוקרמן (הארץ ספרים, 28.4.09)
http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/1081451.html


BOOK SUMMARY

Fascinating and multifaceted, Israeli (Zuckermann 1999, a.k.a. ‘Modern Hebrew’), the language which emerged in Eretz Israel at the end of the nineteenth century, possesses distinctive socio-historical characteristics such as the lack of a continuous chain of native speakers from spoken Hebrew to Israeli, the non-Semitic mother tongues spoken by the revivalists, and the European impact on literary Hebrew. Consequently, it presents the linguist with a unique laboratory in which to examine a wider set of theoretical problems concerning language genesis, social issues like language and politics, and practical matters, e.g. whether it is possible to revive a no-longer spoken language. The multisourced nature of Israeli and the role of the Congruence Principle and the Founder Principle in its genesis have implications for historical linguistics, language planning and the study of language, culture and identity.

Hebrew was spoken since approximately the fourteenth century BCE. It belonged to the Canaanite division of the north-western branch of the Semitic languages, all of which belong to the Afro-Asiatic family. Following a gradual decline, it ceased to be spoken BY the second century CE. The failed Bar-Kokhba Revolt against the Romans in Judea in CE 132-5 marks the symbolic end of the period of spoken Hebrew. Jesus, for example, was a native speaker of Aramaic rather than Hebrew. For approximately 1750 years thereafter, Hebrew was not spoken. A most important liturgical and literary language, it occasionally served as a lingua franca for Jews of the Diaspora, but not as a mother tongue.

Although language is an abstract emsemble of idiolects, sociolects, dialects etc., linguists often generalize about communal languages. In fact, the genetic classification of Israeli has preoccupied linguists since its genesis. The still prevalent, traditional view suggests that Israeli is Semitic: (Biblical/Mishnaic) Hebrew revived. The revisionist position defines Israeli as Indo-European: Yiddish relexified, i.e. Yiddish, the ‘revivalists’’ mother tongue, is the ‘substratum’, whilst Hebrew is only a ‘superstratum’ providing the vocabulary (cf. Horvath & Wexler 1997). According to my own mosaic (rather than Mosaic) model, ‘genetically modified’ Israeli is a ‘semi-engineered’ multi-layered language, which is a Semito-European, or Eurasian, hybrid, i.e. Israeli is both Semitic (Afro-Asiatic) and (Indo-)European. It is based simultaneously on ‘sleeping beauty’/’walking dead’ Hebrew, ‘máme lóshn’ (‘mother tongue’) Yiddish (both being primary contributors) and many other languages spoken by revivalists, e.g. Russian, Polish, Ladino (Judeo-Spanish) and Arabic. Therefore, the term ‘Israeli’ is far more appropriate than ‘Israeli Hebrew’, let alone ‘Modern Hebrew’ or ‘Hebrew’ tout court. Israeli is not a case of retsakh yidish (Israeli for "murder of Yiddish") but rather of yidish redt zikh (Yiddish for "Yiddish speaks itself [beneath Israeli]").

Almost all ‘revivalists’ – e.g. the symbolic father of Israeli, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, born Perelman – were native Yiddish-speakers who wanted to speak Hebrew, with Semitic grammar and pronunciation, like Arabs. Not only were they European but their revivalist campaign was inspired by European – e.g. Bulgarian – nationalism. At the time, although territory and language were at the heart of European nationalism, the Jews possessed neither a national territory nor a national language. Zionism could be considered a fascinating manifestation of European discourses channelled into the Holy Land - cf. George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda (1876).

However, the ‘revivalists’ attempts (1) to deny their (more recent) roots in search of Biblical ancientness, (2) negate diasporism and disown the 'weak, persecuted' exilic Jew, and (3) avoid hybridity (as reflected in Slavonized, Romance/Semitic-influenced, Germanic Yiddish itself, which they despised) failed. Although they have engaged in a campaign for linguistic purity, the emerging Israeli language often mirrors the very components the revivalists sought to erase. Thus, the study of Israeli casts light on the dynamics between language and culture in general, and in particular into the role of language as a source of collective self-perception.


ABOUT THE AUTHOR OF THE BOOK

Ghil'ad ZUCKERMANN, D.Phil. (Oxford), Ph.D. (Cambridge) (titular), M.A. (Tel Aviv) (summa cum laude), is Associate Professor and Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Fellow at The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (a.k.a. ‘Lucky Country’). He was born in Israel (a.k.a. ‘Promised Land’) in 1971. After studying at the United World College of the Adriatic (Duino, Trieste, Italy, 1987-1989) and serving in the Israel Defence Forces (1989-1993), he was selected for the Adi Lautman Interdisciplinary Programme for Outstanding Students of Tel Aviv University, where he studied philosophy, psychology, classics, literature, law and mathematics, and specialized in linguistics, receiving his M.A. (summa cum laude) from the Department of Linguistics in 1997. As Scatcherd European Scholar of the University of Oxford and Denise Skinner Graduate Scholar of St Hugh's College, Oxford, he gained his D.Phil. (Oxon.), entitled 'Camouflaged Borrowing: "Folk-Etymological Nativization" in the Service of Puristic Language Engineering', in 2000. In 2000-2004 he was Gulbenkian Research Fellow at Churchill College, Cambridge, and affiliated with the Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Modern and Medieval Studies, University of Cambridge. He received a titular Ph.D. (Cantab.) in 2003. He has taught in Israel, Singapore, UK, USA and Australia; and has held senior research posts in Melbourne, Austin (Texas), Bellagio (Italy) and Tokyo. His publications – e.g. in English, Israeli, Italian, Yiddish, Spanish, German, Russian and Chinese – include the bestseller Israeli Safa Yafa (Israeli, a Beautiful Language) (Am Oved, 2008), as well as Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew (Palgrave Macmillan 2003). His website is http://www.zuckermann.org/


REVIEW EXCERPTS

“Exhilarating” (Yaron London, London et Kirshenbaum, Channel 10, Israeli TV, 15 December 2009)

"With admirable courage" (Ruvik Rosenthal, Haaretz, 10.6.09)

“A must-read book for every Israeli” (Prof. Shlomo Sand, Book Launch, Tolaat Sfarim Book Shop, Tel Aviv, 11 January 2009)

“At the bottom of Zuckermann’s arguments there is much more than a little bit of truth… This book needs to be accepted and bring about a certain change in the common conservative views, both educational and scientific…The book is written in a simple and clear language, is aimed at anyone interested in language…and is saturated with humour.” (Aharon Porat, Makor Rishon, 9 January 2009)

“Ghil‘ad Zuckermann has written a witty, fascinating and amusing book…This innovative book provides exemplification through grammar.” (Menachem Perry, Ynet Yediot Aharonot, 20 January 2009)

“Israeli, a Beautiful Language demonstrates in a convincing way how different Israeli Hebrew is from Biblical Hebrew, and at the same time provides a treasure-trove of anecdotes for many hours of discussion.” (Tal Linzen, Time Out Tel Aviv, 22 January 2009)

“The linguist Ghil‘ad Zuckermann argues – and demonstrates – why Israelis do not speak Hebrew…but a new language that he calls Israeli…His comprehensive survey of the changes in the language – in pronunciation, stress, suffixes, borrowings from foreign languages – is nothing short of fascinating and…written in a surprisingly accessible way.” (Pe’er Friedman, Tarbut (Culture), Maariv, 26 December 2008)

“Professor Ghil‘ad Zuckermann is a brilliant scholar. Already when he studied at the Interdisciplinary Programme for Outstanding Students at Tel Aviv University I knew that he would go far.” (Prof. Maya Fruchtman, Book Launch, Lazar Municipal Library, Raanana, 19 January 2009)

“Illuminating in a convincing (and most amusing) way the varied sources of the spoken language used today in our country” (Israel Bartal, Yediot Aharonot, 9 January 2009)

“Interesting and energetic…I could accept Zuckermann’s thesis and make practical use of it, which will help me adapt to the conscientious differences in the language I speak. From my perspective it is good that there should be a basic distinction between Hebrew and Israeli. Perhaps this is what will bridge the ideological gap between my own language and the institutional language.” (Nissan Shor, Time Out Tel Aviv, 29 January 2009)

“Fascinating, refreshing, horizon-broadening, amusing, amused…liberal, radical” (Prof. Fania Oz-Salzberger, Book Launch, Haifa Cinémathèque, Haifa, 28 January 2009)
“Provocative” (Hanoch Marmari, Time Out Tel Aviv, 29 January 2009)

“It is obvious that Prof. Zuckermann loves languages and loves playing with languages” (Prof. Tamar Katriel, Book Launch, Haifa Cinémathèque, Haifa, 28 January 2009)


‘MINIMAL PAIRS’

(1) “This book calls for in-depth discussion” (Noam Ordan, Haaretz, 24 December 2008)

Versus “Éser shékel (“ten shekels”, common but violating the Academy of Hebrew Language rules) is talking out of your arse!” (Politician Yossi Sarid, Haaretz, 28 December 2008)

(2) “Zuckermann is brilliant and erudite, and he raises important issues” (Ruvik Rosenthal, HaZira HaLeshonit (Linguistic Arena), NRG Maariv, 18 December 2008)

Versus “This long-haired, jumpy professor is honouring us with a visit to the motherland” (Benny Zipper, Haaretz Online, 19 December 2008)

(3) “What amazed me about the response was that knowing absolutely nothing about the book did not stop people from disagreeing with it – and vehemently at that.” (Noam Ordan, Haaretz, 24 December 2008)

Versus “It is about time, really, that scholars should return to the ivory tower from which they came” (Benny Zipper, Haaretz Online, 19 December 2008)

(4) “Yiddish is the passion of the young and brilliant linguist Ghil‘ad Zuckermann… The large inventory of examples that he puts forth, classifies and names…is definitely worth listening to and learning from.” (Yitzhak Laor, Haaretz, 9 January 2009)

Versus “Convincing, cute, harmful”, “An interesting but annoying book” (Hagai Hitron, Haaretz, 24 December 2008)


TRANSLATION OF EXCERPTS FROM A RECENT ARTICLE ON ZUCKERMANN BY THE FAMOUS SOCIOLINGUIST PROF. JOSHUA FISHMAN

...As Zuckerman says it in his intelligent academic manner "our world is increasingly resembling a global shtetl... and it is precisely why it is so important nowadays to research language contact in general and Yiddish in particular". It is exactly this approach whereby Yiddish is linked with the most recent and far-reaching worldwide developments (and in the very world of loshn koydesh, the “Sacred Tongue”, itself), which is so reminiscent of, and is the successor of, the pioneering work of Uriel Weinreich's truly great work Languages in Contact (1953)...

...There remains a great deal for Yiddish/Jewish intra- and inter-linguistics still to be done and it is with such young and creative innovative scholarly forces like Ghil‘ad Zuckermann that one can imagine that great progress will take place in the field in the very near future, and that this progress will also enrich our knowledge and deepen our appreciation and admiration of Yiddish itself...


ARTICLES RELATED TO THE BOOK IN LANGUAGES OTHER THAN ISRAELI

YIDDISH: By famous sociolinguist Prof. Joshua Fishman: http://yiddish.forward.com/node/1753

DUTCH: Hebreeuws / De mythe van de bijbelse taal \ Inez Polak, Trouw: http://www.trouw.nl/achtergrond/deverdieping/article1423323.ece

ENGLISH:

* Hebrew or Israeli? Linguist stirs Zionist debate \ Dan Williams, Reuters: http://www.reuters.com/article/inDepthNews/idUSL2748144820061129?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true

* Barely the twain shall meet \ Noam Ordan, Haaretz, 1 January 2009: http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052018.html

* Hebrew vs. Israeli \ Hillel Halkin ("Philologos"), Forward: http://www.forward.com/articles/4052/

* The Genesis of the Israeli Language: A Brief Response to "Philologos"'s "Hebrew vs. Israeli" \ Ghil'ad Zuckermann, The Mendele Review: Yiddish Literature and Language: http://www2.trincoll.edu/~mendele/tmr/tmr08013.htm

* Let My People Know! \ Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Jerusalem Post, 18 May 2009: http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1242212397385&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull


BOOK LAUNCHES IN ISRAEL

(1)  8 January 2009
Municipal Library, Eilat
Convener: Atara Yisraeli
Speakers: Binyamina Blum, Mirale Harel and Ghil‘ad Zuckermann

(2)  11 January 2009
Tolaat Sfarim Book Shop, Rabin Square, Tel Aviv
Convener: Nir Baram
Speakers: Prof. Shlomo Sand, Amos Gitai, Ghil‘ad Zuckermann (Illan Gonen)
Soprano: Maayan Goldenfeld
Participants: Prof. Doron Lancet, Dr Oren Harman, Dr Hanna Herzig

(3)  19 January 2009
Lazar Municipal Library, Beit Yad LaBanim, 147 Ahuza St, Raanana
Convener: Dr Zvia Walden
Speakers: Prof. Maya Fruchtman, Journalist Hagai Hitron, Dr Hanna Herzig, Lior Laks, Ghil‘ad Zuckermann
Piano: Danny Halperin
Didgeridoo: Eyal Amit
Book Excerpt Reading: Eyal Amit
Organizer: Miriam Prinz

(4)  21 January 2009
Karon Hasfarim, 2 HaMigdal St, Tivon
Convener: Dr Haggai Rogani
Speakers: Ruvik Rosenthal, Dr Moshe Itzhaki, Dr Rina Ben-Shahar, Ghil‘ad Zuckermann
Singing: Tami Ashkenazi

(5)  27 January 2009
Hillel House, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt Scopus, Jerusalem
Convener: Edik Kaptzan
Speakers: David Ben-Nahum, Ghil‘ad Zuckermann
Participants: Prof. Asher Laufer

(6)  28 January 2009
Haifa Cinémathèque, 142 Hanasi Av., Haifa
Convener: Dr Rina Ben-Shahar
Speakers: Prof. Fania Oz-Salzberger, Prof. Tamar Katriel, Dr Erez Cohen, David Ben-Nahum, Ghil‘ad Zuckermann Recorder/Flute: Eliahu Gamliel
Book Excerpt Reading: Dr Erez Cohen
Organizer: Nissim Ben Joya, Sami Michael, Rachel Yona-Michael


(7)  1 February 2009
Michal House, 10 HaGra St, Rehovot
Greetings: Mayor of Rehovot City Council
Speaker: Ghil‘ad Zuckermann
Present: Author Ram Oren, Prof. Tamar Flash, Noam Ordan
Organizer: Dafna Manor

BOOK LAUNCHES IN AUSTRALIA

(8)  Thursday, 2 April 2009, 6pm
BRISBANE
American Book Store, 197 Elizabeth St (opposite Hilton), CBD

(9)  Monday, 8 June 2009, 430pm
SYDNEY
University of New South Wales
Speakers: Nitza Lowenstein, Ghil'ad Zuckermann

(10)  Sunday, 12 July 2009, 8pm
MELBOURNE
Alma Club (DVARIM BE-ALMA?), 1 Wilks St, Caulfield North
Convener: Ruth Gilmour
Speakers: Dr Uri Tadmor, Dr Bruria Bergman, Dr Dvir Abramovich, Yehuda Kaplan, Hagai Erman, Ghil'ad Zuckermann
Organizer: Einat Benito


LINKS TO TV INTERVIEWS ABOUT THE BOOK

*Israeli TV, Channel 23, Interview by Ronen Bergman and Tali Lipkin-Shahak: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9pFBmKLsrs

*Israeli TV, Channel 1, Interview by Oren Nahari: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ow1vgl6JiD8

*Israeli TV, Channel 10, Interview by Yaron London and Moti Kirschenbaum: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjU1rnaONG8

*Beit Leyvik, Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH0Nnhhj-X4

*Beit Leyvik, Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=md0U0blJ4Dc

*Beit Leyvik, Part 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mFC7re4bfQ

*Book Launch, Karon Hasfarim, Tivon: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwU3LngX3sY

*Israeli TV, Channel YES, The Daily Show with Uri Gottlieb: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PqwlRwVz34

*A Debate between Ghil'ad Zuckermann and Baruch Podolsky: http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-499025840613035751


אחרית דבר

מספר ימים לפני הוצאתו לאור של ספרי "ישראלית שפה יפה", שהיה לי חשוב מאוד שכותרתו תהיה פוזיטיביסטית (בניגוד, למשל, ל"העברית כמיתוס"), קיבלתי לידיי את הכריכה, העפתי בה מבט ונהיה לי חושך בעיניים, ואף חשכו עיניי. בעוד שכותרת הספר "ישראלית שפה יפה", המשפט האחרון בצידה האחורי של הכריכה היה – לפי השבלונה – "זהו ספרו הראשון בעברית". התקשרתי בדאגה להוצאת עם עובד, וניתן לי אולטימטום: או שנישאר עם "זהו ספרו הראשון בעברית" או שנשנה ל"זהו ספרו הראשון בישראלית וספרו האחרון בעם עובד"... הפשרה בסופו של דבר היתה "זהו ספרו הראשון הרואה אור בישראל". "What's in a name? That which we call a rose. By any other name would smell as sweet." , אומרת יעל (ג'ולייט) לרם (רומאו) אצל מי שמועמר קדאפי מכנה שייח' זבּיר. יש מקרים שבהם השם חשוב ביותר כי הוא קובע למעשה כיצד ייתפס מה שהוא מסמן. וכיצד אנו תופסים את המסומן הוא עניין תרבותי, זהותי וחברתי ממדרגה ראשונה. כפי שהמחשבה משפיעה על הלשון, כך הלשון משפיעה על המחשבה. "אנו חושבים באמצעות מילים", טען הפילוסוף הגרמני גיאורג וילהלם פרידריך הֶגֶל ב-1817. כ-2300 שנה קודם לכן אמר קונפוציוס שהדבר הראשון שצריך לעשות הוא לתקן שמות (המאמרות, 13, 3).

אם הייתי ממשיך לקרוא לישראלית באופן מוליך-שולל "עברית מודרנית" או "עברית ישראלית", הקורא המהיר עלול היה לחשוב בטעות שהמודל שלי הוא עוד גירסה מתחכמת של הטענה המוכרת שהישראלית היא אבולוציה של העברית עם השפעות של "שפות זרות" כיידיש. "ברור שהעברית הושפעה קצת מן היידיש", אומרים טהרנים מתחסדים, לשונאים צדקנים ובלשנים פסידו-מתקדמים. אבל זה לא מה שהספר "ישראלית שפה יפה" מציע. לספר שתי טענות מרכזיות: (1) היברידיוּת: הישראלית איננה שלב אבולוציוני בהתפתחות העברית, אלא שפת-כלאיים חדשה היונקת בו-זמנית הן מהעברית, הן מהיידיש והן משפות אחרות שדיברו מחיי השפה. לפיכך, היידיש, למשל, איננה "שפה זרה" ביחס לישראלית, והמילה "אינטואיציה" ("בינת הלב"), לדוגמה, איננה מילה זרה כי אם יסוד מובנה, בלתי-נפרד (בלתין, built-in) בישראלית. (2) ילידיות: אין שום טעם לכפות דקדוק על מי שדובר את הישראלית כשפת-אם מהסיבה הפשוטה שהוא כבר מדבר אותה באופן מושלם, לפי חוקי דקדוק המצויים במוחו. בניגוד לשפת הכתיבה והספרות, שהיא הביטוס (מוסכמה חברתית, לפי הסוציולוג פייר בורדייה), שפת-האם המדוברת איננה נלמדת אלא נרכשת באופן אוטומטי בלי מאמץ – בניגוד גמור לטענתו השגויה והנערצת של זאב בן-חיים "את לשונו, לשון דיבורו, קונה אדם בעמל וביגיעה של שנים, ביגיעה מתמדת כל ימי חייו" ("לשון עתיקה במציאות חדשה", התשי"ג).

היחס בין שתי טענות אלה של הספר – ההיברידיות והילידיות – מורכב. אין תמיכה באחת גוררת בהכרח תמיכה באחרת. למשל, יש שישתכנעו שהישראלית הינה שפת-כלאיים סינקרטית אך עדיין יבקשו לכפות תקן אליטיסטי על דוברי הישראלית; אחרים ימשיכו להיות בטוחים שהישראלית היא עברית אך ירשו לישראלי לדבר "איך שבראש שלו". יחד עם זאת, החידוש הגדול בספר – מלבד הטענה ההיברידית לכשעצמה – הוא הקישור בין ההיברידיות לילידיות: גם אם יש ישראלים – שבניגוד אליי – מאמינים שצריך תקן, יש בכוחו של הספר לגרום להם לשנות את מאפייניו של התקן הזה: אין הם יכולים להמשיך ולהתעלם מכך שדקדוק הישראלית איננו מבוסס רק על הדקדוק העברי. במילים אחרות, הספר מציע הן ששפת הדיבור לא זקוקה לתקן, והן שגם אם יש אנשים שאינם מוותרים על התקן, מי קבע שהוא חייב להיות עברי?

כפיית התקן העברי עלולה לגרום למה שאני מכנה סכיזופרניה דקדוקית: למשל, אצל דוברי ישראלית רבים "שלושה-עשר ילדים" נוגד את הדקדוק במוחם! אחרי הכל, ברוב השפות שהתמזגו ויצרו את הישראלית – ובניגוד לעברית – אין קיטוב מגדרי מוזר שכזה המצרף שם-מספר נקבי (שלושה – עם ה' בסוף) לשם-עצם זכרי (ילדים). יוצא שבאופן אבסורדי, המורות ללשון בעצם מכריחות את הישראלי לדבר כנגד הדקדוק שלו עצמו! אבל כאמור הספר איננו מוקדש רק לקריאת תיגר כנגד כפיית דקדוק עברי על שפה שיש לה הגיון פנימי – ישראלי – משל עצמה.

משתמשים בשלישייה תזה-אנטיתזה-סינתזה כדי לתאר את הדיאלקטיקה של הפילוסוף שכבר הזכרתי: הֶגֶל. בבית אריאלה שמעתי את דייוויד גרייבס מגדיר את המוזיקה הקלאסית (הלבנה, האנינה, התבונית, המעובדת, המלוטשת, המסודרת וההרמונית) כתזה; את הבלוז (השחור, היצרי, הפשוט, הגולמי, המאלתר, "מהצד השני של פסי הרכבת") כאנטיתזה; ואת הפופ/רוק (השחור המולבן, למשל החיפושיות) כסינתזה. ברצוני להציע כאן היסטוריזציה של חקר היווצרות הישראלית: התזה, למשל של חיים רבין וחיים רוזן, היא שהישראלית היא שפה שמית: עברית שהוחייתה. האנטיתזה, למשל של גוֹטְהֶלְף בֶּרְגְשְטְרֶסֶר, שאלוהים יעזור לו, ופאול וקסלר יבדל"א, היא שהישראלית היא שפה אירופית: יידיש עם מילים עבריות. התרומה הגדולה ביותר של הספר "ישראלית שפה יפה" היא יצירת הסינתזה: הישראלית היא שפת-כלאיים אירו-אסיאתית: בו-זמנית גם שמית (ממשפחת הלשונות האַפְרוֹ-אסיאתיות) וגם אירופית (ממשפחת הלשונות ההודו-אירופיות). הכלי החשוב ביותר בספר הוא "עקרון החפיפה": ככל שמאפיין לשוני קיים ביותר שפות תורמות, כך יש לו סיכוי גדול יותר לחדור לשפה המתהווה. מהפכניות העיקרון הזה נעוצה בעובדה שהוא נוגד את "אילן היוחסין", כלי חשוב בבלשנות היסטורית, שיכול להשתמע ממנו שלכל שפה יש הורה אחד בלבד. אילן היוחסין עומד בבסיסן של התזה והאנטיתזה שכן שתיהן "חד-הוריות": כל אחת מהן מאמינה שלישראלית יש רק הורה אמיתי אחד: בין אם הוא העברית (תזה) ובין אם הוא היידיש (אנטיתזה). הסינתזה, לעומת זאת – על תובנותיה, עקרונותיה ודוגמאותיה – רואה בישראלית לשון רב-הורית ומנסה לשכנע מחד גיסא שהתזה והסינתזה שתיהן שגויות ומאידך גיסא שבשתיהן יש קורטוב של אמת.

אני מנבא שבסופו של דבר, סינתזתי תהפוך לתזה החדשה, ואז תצא כנגדה, כדרכו של עולם, אנטיתזה פורקת עול, שתאותגר כמובן על-ידי סינתזה פורצת-דרך ומשכנעת, וחוזר חלילה. Wishful thinking? אולי. I may be wrong but I am certain! דבר אחד ברור (ואולי גם מסביר את הקושי של חוקרים מסויימים לקבל את הסינתזה): קבלת הסינתזה ההיברידית תביא לשכתוב אלפי מחקרים, שהוקדשו, לאמתו של דבר, לכפיית היסטוריזציה עברית על השפה הישראלית היפהפיה והעצמאית, שהיא לא רק מרובדת, פלימפססטית ומרובת-משלבים אלא גם – וזה חשוב ביותר – מרובת-מקורות.


AN ARTICLE ON THE BOOK (2009)

WITHOUT ANY SHAME: ISRAELI, SPEAK ISRAELI!

The language spoken in today’s Israel is a multifaceted and fascinating fin-de-siècle hybrid, based not only on ‘sleeping beauty’ – or ‘walking dead’ – Hebrew but also on the revivalists’ mother tongues such as Yiddish, argues Prof. Ghil‘ad Zuckermann, an Israeli linguist at The University of Queensland, in his recent controversial bestseller Israeli, A Beautiful Language (Am Oved, Tel Aviv, December 2008).

Yossi Sarid, Hagai Hitron, Amos Levitan and many others clearly cannot free themselves from ‘asara sheqalim (10 shekels) and the other the shackles of what I call the ‘purism prism’. But just as the ‘Jerusalem artichoke’ has to do with neither Jerusalem nor artichoke (even though some Jerusalem restaurants take pride in serving it), what Sarid and Levitan call ‘corrupt Hebrew’ is neither corrupt nor Hebrew: it is grammatical Israeli, a beautifully multi-layered and intricately multi-sourced language that one should embrace and celebrate.

By GHIL‘AD ZUCKERMANN

Several days before the publication in Tel Aviv of my most recent book by Am Oved Publishing House, I finally received its cover. Ignoring the idiom ‘don’t judge a book by its cover’, I looked at it and darkness was made in my eyes: whereas the title of the book was israelit safa yafa, i.e. ISRAELI, A Beautiful Language (challenging and modelled upon the old Zionist slogan ivrit safa yafa ‘Hebrew is a beautiful language’), the last sentence on the back cover was ‘this is his first book in HEBREW’! Worriedly, I called Am Oved and was given an ultimatum: either we leave it as ‘this is his first book in Hebrew’ or change it to ‘this is his first book in Israeli and his last book at Am Oved’!

Eventually, the compromise was ‘this is his first book published in Israel’. ‘What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’, says Juliet (Yael) to Romeo (Ram) in a piece by the famous playwright referred to by Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi as ‘Sheikh Zubeir’. There are cases in which the name is extremely important because it determines the way people perceive the thing it stands for. Just as thought influences language, language can shape thought. Already 2,500 years ago, Confucius said that the first thing one has to do is to rectify names!

Hybridity and native speech

Had I continued to call Israeli – misleadingly – ‘Modern Hebrew’, ‘Israeli Hebrew’ or merely ‘Hebrew’, the readers might have assumed that my model is yet another wise-guy version of the regnant, albeit pregnant, view that Israeli is simply an evolution of Hebrew, influenced by ‘foreign languages’ such as Yiddish. But that’s a far cry from the two main arguments in the book:

1. Hybridity: Israeli is not an evolutionary phase of Hebrew but rather a new hybrid language, simultaneously based on ‘sleeping beauty’ – or ‘walking dead’ – Hebrew, the revivalists’ mother tongue Yiddish, as well as a plethora of other languages spoken by Jewish pioneers in Palestine in the 1880s-1930s. Thus, Yiddish is not a ‘foreign language’ vis-à-vis Israeli, and intuítsya ‘intuition’, to give but one example out of tens of thousands – is not a loan word but rather an integral part of Israeli from its very beginning.

2. Native speech: There is no good reason to force a Hebrew grammar on native Israeli-speakers, simply because they already speak their mother tongue perfectly, according to grammar rules in their brain. French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu used the term ‘habitus’ to refer to a social convention, for example chopsticks versus knife-and-fork. Unlike literary language, which is indeed a ‘habitus’, the native spoken tongue is not learnt but rather acquired automatically and effortlessly. This is the diametric opposite of the admired, albeit mistaken, claim, made in 1953, by the former president of the Academy of the Hebrew Language Ze’ev Ben-Hayyim: ‘one learns his spoken language in years of effort, in very hard work throughout one’s life’.

The relationship between hybridity and native speech, the two linguistic characteristics championed by Israeli, A Beautiful Language, is complex. Supporting one of them does not necessarily imply accepting the other. For example, I might convince some that Israeli is a wonderful mishmash of many languages but they would still prefer enforcing an elitist standard on Israeli-speakers. Overlooking its hybrid vigour, others might continue to blindly believe that Israeli is Hebrew but would still allow Israelis to speak as they wish. Nevertheless, the main innovation in the book – besides the hybridity model – is the link between hybridity and native speech: Even if there are numerous Israelis who – unlike me – believe that we must enforce a standard, the book might convince them to modify the characteristics of that standard: who said that it must be based on Hebrew?

Constructive, destructive and deconstructive critiques

How was the book received by the dozens of wonderful critics? There were compliments, for example ‘Yiddish is the passion of the young and brilliant linguist Ghil‘ad Zuckermann… The large inventory of examples that he puts forth, classifies and names…is definitely worth listening to and learning from’ (Yitzhak Laor, Haaretz, 9.1.09); ‘Zuckermann has written a witty, fascinating and amusing book…This innovative book provides exemplification through grammar’ (Prof. Menachem Perry, Ynet, 20.1.09); ‘Illuminating in a convincing (and most amusing) way’ (Prof. Israel Bartal, Yediot Aharonot, 9.1.09); ‘This book needs to be accepted and bring about a certain change in the common conservative views, both educational and scientific’ (Aharon Porat, Makor Rishon, 9.1.09); ‘Zuckermann argues – and demonstrates – that Israelis do not speak Hebrew…His comprehensive survey of the changes in the language – in pronunciation, stress, suffixes, borrowings from foreign languages – is nothing short of fascinating and…written in a surprisingly accessible way’ (Pe’er Friedman, Maariv, 26.12.08); ‘Israeli, A Beautiful Language demonstrates in a convincing way how different Israeli Hebrew is from Biblical Hebrew, and at the same time provides a treasure-trove of anecdotes for many hours of discussion’ (Tal Linzen, Time Out Tel Aviv, 22.1.09); ‘exhilarating’ (Yaron London, London et Kirshenbaum, Channel 10, Israeli TV, 15.1.09); ‘energetic’ (Nissan Shor, Time Out Tel Aviv, 29.1.09); ‘with respectable courage’ (Ruvik Rosenthal, Haaretz, 10.6.09).

But – as expected – there were also attacks. Hagai Hitron gave the following telling verdict: ‘an interesting but annoying book’, ‘convincing, cute, harmful’, (Haaretz, 24.12.08). Zvia Walden and Guy Deutscher insisted that ‘Hebrew is Hebrew is Hebrew!’ (Haaretz, 24.4.09). Whereas Noam Ordan argued that ‘this book calls for in-depth discussion’ (Haaretz, 24.12.08), Yossi Sarid – a left-wing politician, though when it comes to language: a fanatic purist – announced that ‘éser shékel (‘ten shekels’, the common speech violating the Academy of Hebrew Language regulations) is talking out of your arse!’ (Haaretz, 28.12.08). Amos Levitan submits that ‘Israeli is simply corrupt Hebrew’ (Iton 77, March-April 2009). Sarid, Hitron, Levitan and many others clearly cannot free themselves from ‘asara sheqalim (10 shekels) and the other the shackles of what I call the ‘purism prism’. But just as the ‘Jerusalem artichoke’ has to do with neither Jerusalem nor artichoke (even though some Jerusalem restaurants take pride in serving it), what Sarid and Levitan call ‘corrupt Hebrew’ is neither corrupt nor Hebrew: it is grammatical Israeli, a beautifully multi-layered and intricately multi-sourced language that one should embrace and celebrate.

One of the most perspicacious comments was made by Ordan: ‘what amazed me about the response was that knowing absolutely nothing about the book did not stop people from disagreeing with it – and vehemently at that’. Compare it with Benny Zipper’s ‘it is about time, really, that scholars should return to the ivory tower from which they came’ (Haaretz Online, 19.12.08). The well-known blogger who defines himself as ‘elite’ is asking to stand alone on the podium and send those disagreeing with him to the place where they come from. I wonder why.

From the ‘Promised Land’ to the ‘Lucky Country’

Whilst author and linguist Ruvik Rosenthal suggested that ‘Zuckermann is brilliant and erudite, and he raises important issues” (NRG Maariv, 18.12.08), came Zipper and remarked that ‘this long-haired, jumpy professor… is honouring us with a visit to the motherland’. Does funny Zipper, by any chance, suggest that an Israeli living in Australia does not have the right to say anything about the Israeli language?

Having mentioned Australia, what lessons could one draw from the revival in the Promised Land to current revival attempts of no-longer spoken Aboriginal languages in the Lucky Country? Heaps! Firstly, given that the Hebrew revivalists, who wished to speak pure Hebrew, failed in their purism prism, it is simply hard to imagine more successful revival attempts – for the following reasons: (1) the remarkable strength of the Jewish revivalists’ motivation, zealousness, Hebrew consciousness, and centuries of ‘next year in Jerusalem’ ideology, and (2) the extensive documentation of Hebrew – as opposed to ‘sleeping’ Aboriginal languages. I propose that the revival of a clinically dead language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists’ mother tongue(s). I therefore predict that any attempt to revive an Aboriginal language will result in a hybrid.

That is of course not to say that we should not revive dead languages and cultures. On the contrary! My research on the transition from ancient Hebrew to new Israeli should encourage Aboriginal leaders and revival linguists to be more realistic about their goals, and can share with them crucial linguistic insights about what components of language are more revivable than others. Words and conjugations, for example, are easier to revitalize than intonation, associations and connotations.

Some Aboriginal people distinguish between usership and ownership. I even have a friend who claimed that he owned a language although he only knew one single word in it, namely its name. Consequently, one could find indigenous Australians who do not find it necessary or important to revive their 'sleeping'/comatose tongue. I, on the other hand, have always believed in Australia’s very own roadside dictum: ‘Stop, revive, survive!'

Ghil‘ad Zuckermann, D.Phil. (Oxford), Ph.D. (titular) (Cambridge), M.A. (summa cum laude) (Tel Aviv), is Associate Professor and Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Fellow in linguistics at The University of Queensland, Brisbane. His website is www.zuckermann.org and his email is gz@uq.edu.au . The first Australian Workshop on Afro-Asiatic Linguistics (AWAAL), an international conference that he is organizing, will take place in Brisbane on 11-13 September 2009, concurrently with the QBE Riverfire (12 September) and the Brisbane Writers Festival (9-13 September).


שאלה על הספר במבחן הבגרות בחיבור עברי, קיץ התשס"ט, 17.6.2009

On 17 June 2009, the compulsory National Israeli Matriculation Exam (‘Bagrut’ – cf. IB/VCE/HSC) in Hebrew Writing (Bagrut Exam No. 905031) dedicated one question (out of 6) to the book Israeli, A Beautiful Language.

http://herut7.googlepages.com/5.JPG

(בחינת בגרות, חיבור עברי, מס' 905031, קיץ תשס"ט)

לפניך שני קטעים המציגים שתי גישות שונות בנוגע לעברית המדוברת בישראל ולקשר שלה עם המקורות...

...הבלשן והפרופסור גלעד צוקרמן מתמודד בספרו עם השאלה: איזו עברית הישראלים מדברים? לדעתו, שפת הדיבור הנהוגה בישראל היא שילוב בין עברית עתיקה, יידיש ושפות אחרות כמו רוסית, גרמנית, אנגלית, צרפתית, ערבית. צוקרמן טוען ששפה זו אינה עברית אלא "ישראלית".

בספרו צוקרמן דוחה טענות של מחנכים, פוליטיקאים ואחרים בדבר העברית ה"גרועה" מלאת הטעויות של הישראלים. לדבריו, דוברים ילידים אינם טועים, ולכן אין לראות בצורות דיבור אלה שגיאות, אלא ביטויים של שפה שונה שיש לה דקדוק ותחביר משלה...

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew

Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 (PALGRAVE STUDIES IN LANGUAGE HISTORY AND LANGUAGE CHANGE)

Israeli Hebrew is a spoken language, 'reinvented' over the course of the twentieth century. It has responded to the social demands of the newly emerging state, as well as to escalating globalization, with a vigorously developing lexicon, enriched by multiple foreign language contacts. In this detailed and rigorous study, the author provides a principled classification of neologisms, their semantic fields and the roles of source languages, along with a sociolinguistic study of purists' and ordinary native speakers' attitudes towards lexical enrichment.

His analysis of the tension between linguistic creativity and the preservation of a distinct language identity takes the discussion beyond the case of Israeli, through innovative comparisons with Revolutionized Turkish, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Yiddish, Estonian, Swahili, pidgins and creoles, and other languages.

At the beginning of the third millennium, our world is characterized by worldwide communication and the vast distribution of technological and 'talknological' devices. The mobility of the word respects no borders and the extent of that mobility may not be paralleled even in future (less heterogeneous) generations. The study of the modes and dynamics of language contact could hardly be more timely.


Contents

Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Introduction
1. New Perspectives on Lexical Enrichment
2. The Case of Israeli: Multisourced Neologization (MSN) as an Ideal Technique for Lexical Enrichment
3. Addition of Sememe Versus Introduction of Lexeme
4. MSN in Various Terminological Areas
5. Sociolinguistic Analysis: Attitudes Towards MSN in 'Reinvented Languages'
6. The Source Languages
7. Statistical Analysis
8. Conclusions and Theoretical Implications

Appendix: Transcription, Transliteration and Translation
References
Index


Review Excerpts

'..fascinating and multifaceted... a paean to linguistic creativity. It is especially timely in the present
historical context of rapid globalization and linguistic inter-influence.'

- Professor James A. Matisoff, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley


'The volume is extremely impressive. Zuckermann demonstrates a mastery of European and Hebrew
lexicography... In addition to developing a rigorous analytical framework, he offers many detailed word
(and compound) histories and carves out a well-defined position on issues of much significance.'

- Jeffrey Heath, Professor of Linguistics, University of Michigan


'...this is the first time that anyone has drawn attention to the extent to which 'phono-semantic matching'
applies in word formation...a most important contribution to the study of Israeli Hebrew word formation in
particular and of language change in general.'

- Shmuel Bolozky, Professor of Hebrew, University of Massachusetts


'This book will interest not only researchers and graduate students in the topic but also Hebraists. Moreover,
any layman who loves words will find it absorbing and entertaining... it is both scholarly and original [and] an
outstanding contribution to the science of etymology.'

- Professor Geoffrey Lewis, St Antony's College, University of Oxford


'The book is an outstanding piece of scholarship which undoubtedly represents a milestone in the field of lexicology. Zuckermann's attention to details has made the work a mini-encyclopaedia, much in the tradition of Jewish scholarship. Generally, his etymologies are well thought out and set a standard for current and future research.'

- Joseph T. Farquharson, LinguistList http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/16/16-1399.html



Subject List

Language and culture; Languages in contact; Lexicology; Linguistics; Aavik; Afroasiatic languages; American English; Americanization; Anthropology; Anthropological linguistics; Arabic language; Aramaic; Arts; Asian languages; Ben-Yehuda;; Bible; Bilingualism; Bloomfield; Borrowing; Camouflage; Change; Chinese language; Comparative linguistics; Contact linguistics; Creativity; Creole dialects; Culture; Derrida; Dictionaries; Education; English as the global language; English language--Foreign countries; English language--Influence on foreign languages; Estonian; Etymology; Europe; Far East; Foreign Language - Dictionaries / Phrase Books; Foreign Language Study; French language--Influence on foreign languages; Gender; German language--Influence on foreign languages; Globalization; Grammar, Comparative and general--Word formation; Greek language--Influence on foreign languages; Hamito-Semitic languages; Hebrew; Hebrew language--Foreign words and phrases; Hebrew language--New words; Hebrew language--Revival; Hebrew language--Word formation;
Historical linguistics; History; Human behaviour; Humanities; Indo-European languages; Innovation; Israel; Jamaican Creole; Japanese language; Imitation; ; Jewish learning and scholarship; Jewish languages; Judaic studies; Judaism; Language; Language and languages--Etymology; Language and languages--Orthography and spelling; Language planning; Lexical enrichment; Lexicography; Lexicon/lexis; Linguistic change; Mandarin; Medieval Hebrew(s); Middle East; Mishnah; Literature; Modern Hebrew; Morphology; Multilingualism; Non-fiction; Old Testament; Orthography; Philology; Phonetics; Phonology; Pidgin languages; Polish language--Influence on foreign languages; Politics; Portuguese; Purism; Rabbinic Hebrew; Reference; Religion; Revitalization; Revival; Revolutions; Russian language--Influence on foreign languages; Saussure; Semantics; Semitic languages; Singlish (Singaporean English); Social Science; Society; Sociolinguistics; Sociology; Spanish; Survival; Swahili; Psychology; Psycholinguistics; Talmud; Turkish language; Vernacular; Vernacularization; Vocabulary; Yiddish language; Words; Writing; Written communication.


REFERENCES

If an item is written in a language other than English, German, French, Latin, Italian or Spanish, a translation is provided and the language is indicated in square brackets. CUP stands for Cambridge University Press and OUP for Oxford University Press.

Aavik, Johannes 1921. Uute sõnade sõnastik (A Dictionary of New Words). Tallinn: A. Keisermanni Kirjastus (A. Keisermann Publishers). [Est.]
Abramowitsch, Shalom Jacob ben Haim Moshe (see also Mendele Mokhér Sfarím) 1862. toldót hatéva 1 (History of Nature 1). Leipzig: C. W. Vollrath. (Based on a book by Harald Othmar Lenz) (Abramowitsch, also known as Sholem Yankev Broyde Abramovich, used from 1879 the pseudonym Méndele Mokhér Sfarím, or in Yiddish Méndele Móykher-Sfórim, lit. ‘Mendele the (Itinerant) Bookseller’) [ModH]
Abramowitsch, Shalom Jacob ben Haim Moshe 1866. toldót hatéva 2: haóf (History of Nature 2: Birds). Zhitomir: A. S. Schadow. [ModH]
Abramowitsch, Shalom Jacob ben Haim Moshe 1872. toldót hatéva 3: hazokhalím (History of Nature 3: Reptiles). Vilna: Romm. [ModH]
Agnon, Shmuel Yosef 1953. élu veélu (These and Those). Jerusalem – Tel Aviv: Schocken. [I]
Aharoni, Y. (Israel) 1935. ‘kipód’ (The word kipód ‘hedgehog’). Lešonénu 6: 137-63. (Originally written in Berlin in 1912) [I]
Aitchison, Jean M. 1981. Language Change: Progress or Decay? CUP.
Akadém (The Bulletin of the Academy of the Hebrew Language) 1993-2000 (Issues 1-15). Einat Gonen (ed., 5-15). Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language. [I]
Akhiasaf, Oded, Raanan Akhiasaf, Guni Rader and Shlomi Prais (eds) 1993. leksikón hasléng haivrí vehatsvaí (The Lexicon of Hebrew and Military Slang). Tel Aviv: Prolog. [I]
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INDEX


An Index of Israeli words analysed in this book can be found in Table 3 (pp. 224-30).


Aavik, Johannes, Aavikism, 115, 149-50
abbreviations, 23, 90, 172
Ablaut, 68
Academy of the Hebrew Language (AHL), 13, 24, 65-6, 68, 72, 84-5, 89, 101, 107, 109-10, 112-13, 118, 124, 128, 133-6, 149, 152-3, 155, 156f, 170, 185, 210, 219, 235, 246-9
acronym, 4f, 19f, 57-8, 76f, 80, 107f, 135, 141, 156, 181, 182, 186f, 206
active folk-etymology, see generative popular etymology
addition of sememe, 87-105
adjective-pattern, 71, 251, 260
adoptive PSM, 219
advertising, 77f, 133, 135, 145f, 178
attracting customers, 62, 183f
see also brand names
Agnon, Shmuel Yosef, 210
Akkadian, 15, 18, 67, 89, 91f, 97, 111, 113, 120, 141
American
-English, 10, 20f, 47, 61, 83, 124, 135, 136, 182, 188, 217-20, 222, 231, 235, 257, 261
-Italian, 13, 89, 138f, 252f
soldiers, 36, 141
-Yiddish, 42, 44
analogy, 108, 160, 181, 184f, 185f, 186f, 190
Anglicization, 28, 145, 147, 177f, 220, 260-2
animals, 15, 22, 25, 35, 38, 49, 84, 88, 123-6, 133, 223
anthroponyms, anthroponymic FEN, 27-9, 77, 83, 138, 142, 143-7, 175, 181, 230, 246, 256, see also names
antonomasia, 58, 132, 147, 183
Anttila, Raimo, 30, 34f, 35, 36, 141
Apollo, Apollonian tendency, 14-16, 24, 64
apophony, 67-72, 176, 259
Arabic, 11, 14-15, 20, 23, 29, 34, 50, 54, 66, 74, 78, 83, 89, 91, 93-5, 97, 100, 108f, 109, 139-41, 143, 157-60, 164-5, 177-80, 182, 207, 213-17, 222, 251
apophony, 70-2
transcription, 262
see also standard, vernacular
Aramaic, 13, 17, 20, 38, 49, 50, 62, 65, 67f, 78, 80f, 88, 92, 94-5, 97, 111-13, 120, 128-9, 132, 142, 170, 172, 178-9, 186-7, 203f, 215, 219
Argov, Zohar, 110
army, see military
article, 34, 103f
definite, 90
Artikel, 103f
Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation, 26, 31, 120, 121, 131, 262
Ashkenazim, 80, 110, 144, 178, 247
Asian languages, see Cantonese, Chinese, Japanese, Mandarin, Vietnamese
aspiration, 71, 263
assimilated borrowing, 8, 10, 28
assimilation (see also rendaku)
cultural, 115
phonetic, 68, 129, 212, 219
Assyrian, 89, 120
attitudes towards MSN, 148-86
authenticity, 171, 178
auto-opposite, see enantiosemy
Auty, Robert, 189
Aztec (Nahuatl), 25, 141

back-formation, 113, 114, 186
back-slangism, 130
Bahat, Shoshanna, 10, 86, 109, 149, 156f, 265f
Baldinger, Kurt, 35f
Bar-Asher, Moshe, 75, 150f
Bat-El, Outi, 69f
Beér, Haim, 140f
Belorussian, Belarusian, 96, 253
Ben-Avi, Itamar, 78, 84, 108, 116, 250
Ben-Gurion, David, 139, 144
Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer, 3, 11, 43, 65f, 74-6, 78, 84-5, 93, 103, 108-9, 115-16, 132, 143, 149, 168, 186, 205, 214-16, 247, 250, 256
Ben-Yehuda, Hemda, 43, 168
Bialik, Chaim Nachman, 66, 69, 84, 92, 93, 107f, 108, 115, 116, 131, 135, 149, 154, 170, 185, 203, 206, 208
Bible, see Old Testament
bilingual dictionaries, 133
bilingual homophonous creations, 30-3
bilingual speakers, 42, 82-3, 102, 166, 257
binyán, see verb-pattern
bi-radical root, 1f
birds, 35, 70f, 78, 105, 123-5, 215
blend, 6f, 8f, 54, 66-7, 88
Blau, Joshua, 71, 74
Bloomfield, Leonard, 9, 15, 42, 114f, 254-5, 260
Bokmål, 189
Bolinger, Dwight, 14
Bolozky, Shmuel, 251
borrowing, see calquing, camouflaged, Chinese, classification, cultural, double, false, foreignism, grammatical, graphic, guestword, intimate, loanword, source languages
Bortone, Pietro, 102f
brand names, 58, 59-60, 62, 67, 92f, 118, 177, 230
Branson, Richard, 110
British
-English, 83, 217-20, 222, 231, 261
Israelites, 82f
-Italian 252f
Mandate, 10, 140-1, 187, 217
politicians, 30, 79
soldiers/officers, 10, 140f
System of Russian transliteration, 265
tourists, 36

cabbala, 62f
calque phonétique, 4
calquing, 37-49
introducing a new compound, 44-5
introducing a new sememe (semantic loan), 40-3
introducing a new phrase, 45-7
introducing a new word, 43-4
vs rephonologization vs graphic borrowing, 47-9
camouflage linguistics, 250-2
camouflaged borrowing, 2, 7, 37-49
Cantonese, 7, 51, 57, 62, 106f, 118, 253, 263
Catalan, 100, 167f
cenemic script, 56-7, 253
Chinese, Modern Standard Chinese (MSC), 3, 4, 9, 19, 28, 32f, 37, 45, 48, 56-62, 69, 72, 118, 136-8, 140, 175, 246, 253-5, 259, 263-4
brand names, 59-60
general terms, 60-1
graphic borrowing, 48-9
FEN, 58-62
Chinese FEN vs Israeli FEN, 61-2
technological terms, 58-9
transcription, 263
Christianity, 75, 81, 98, 117
classifications
of borrowing, 6-49 (deficiencies, 6-7)
of MSN, 82-5, 224-30
clipping, 109, 155f, 183
Clyne, Michael, 6f
Cockney, 110, see also Mockney
Rhyming Slang, 29-30
colloquialism, colloquial speech, 20, 21, 48, 93, 204, 216, 223, 251, 258, 264
colloquial speech vs slang, 21
compound, 1f, 39, 40, 56, 66, 78, 83, 108, 109f, 114f, 126f, 130, 138f, 146, 164, 166, 168, 171, 174, 185-6, 223, 231, 235, 236, 242, 243, 252, 263
compound MSN, 114-19
in the Haskalah, 119-22
with Yiddish, 212-14
compromise, see semantic, structural
computers, 135-8
concealed borrowing, see camouflaged borrowing
congruence, Congruence Principle, 43, 46, 49-51, 53, 125, 147f, 166, 171, 188, 190, 208, 247
consonantal gemination, 129f
consonantal root, 67
consonantal script, 70, 174-8
constraints, 9, 33, 61, 116, 246, 259
construct state, 18, 97, 114, 116, 117, 125, 136, 142, 175, 252
contact linguistics, 255-6
convergence, 53-4, see also congruence
Coulmas, Florian, 56f
creational MSN, 105-10
allegedly in the Old Testament, 112-14
incestuous, 111-12
with Yiddish, 209-10
creation ex nihilo, 148-52
création populaire, 21, 23, 249
création savante, 21, 23, 65f, 249
creoles, see pidgins and creoles
Crystal, David, 14, 217, 260
cultural borrowing, 42
Czech, 189

dagesh, see geminate
Danish, 167f, 189
Dasgupta, Probal, 114f
definite article, see article
DeFrancis, John, 56, 57
deHebraization, 18, 178-84
derivational-only popular etymology (DOPE), 8, 14-24, 25f, 36, 40, 78f, 93, 102f, 103, 110, 121, 126, 129, 131, 134f, 154, 160, 164, 172f, 180, 220, 249, 258
difficulty of distinguishing between DOPE and MSN, 18-21 
derivative, see secondary derivative
Deroy, Louis, 6, 11, 100, 102f, 121f, 160, 214f
Derrida, Jacques, 254-5
descriptivism, 163, 190f, 236, 261
diachronicity, 255
dialect, 89, 154, 157-8, 160, 162
Diaspora, 63, 141
dictionaries, 27, 39, 40, 65, 77, 83, 85-6, 108, 111, 115-16, 133, 138, 149, 150, 165, 178-9, 221, 235, 256, 258
diminutive, 26, 41, 47, 74, 77f, 119, 120f, 133, 135, 170, 186
disguising foreign influence, 72-4, see camouflaged borrowing
double borrowing, 49-51
Dutch, 18, 19, 25f, 35f, 98, 167f, 210, 220

Einstein, Arik, 33
ellipsis, 30, 34, 66, 101, 204, 250f
email, 79, 136
emphatic, see pharyngeal
emprunt-calembour, 4
enantiosemy, 11, 77
engineering
language, 24, 163
lexical, 117
English (as the world's language), 57-62, 217-20, see also American, British
Enlightenment, see Haskalah
Esperanto, 116
Estonian, 115, 148-50, 215, 253
euphemisms, 29-30, 126f, 139, 181f
Europeanism, 188
Even-Odem, Joseph, 112f, 126-7, 148, 151, 168, 170, 174f
ex nihilo creation, 148-52
ex postfacto rationalization, 14, 19, 110, 113, 258, see also derivational-only popular etymology

failed MSNs, explanations, 165-72
FEN inaccessible to the mass of native speakers, 169-71
FEN ridiculous or obscure, 168-9
FEN too close phonetically to the SL word, 166-7
internationalism being matched widespread in the TL, 167-8
referent alien by nature, 171-2
semantically shifted TL lexeme highly diffused in its original sememe, 168
fallacies, 14, 179f
false borrowing, faux emprunts, 11, 62, 102f, 106f, 250
false friends, faux amis, 102
films, 26, 32f, 37, 144f, 184f
Finnish, 36, 149, 150, 215
Fischler, Brakha, 125
flexibility, 61, 72
folk compositions, 30-1
folk-etymological nativization (FEN), 50
FEN not introduced by language authorities, 155-7
folk-etymology, 14, 15, 17, 23, 49-50, 83, 120, 133, 141, 163, 169, 257, see also derivational-only popular etymology, popular etymology
food, 131-5, 247-8
foreignism, 9-12
foreignness
desirable, 183
undesirable, 64, 252
Frege, Gottlob, 37
Frellesvig, Bjarke, 56f, 57
Fremdwort, see foreignism
French, 25, 34, 35f, 52, 89, 104, 109-10, 117f, 118, 122, 124, 132, 140f, 150, 158, 160, 162, 167f, 179f, 187, 188f, 203f, 214f, 217, 220, 222, 231, 251

gastronomic terms, see food
Gastwort, see guestword
Gelehrtenbildungen, 65
gematria, 62f, 131
geminate, gemination, 121, 129, 167, 169
gender, 103f, 175, 183, 191, 218, 219, 251-2
generative popular etymology (GPE), 14, 21-4
genetics, 63
German, 9, 10, 22, 27f, 28, 44, 54, 81f, 103-4, 114-16, 120, 123, 124f, 132, 150, 171, 179f, 184f, 185f, 187, 188f, 190, 203f, 212-13, 215, 220, 222, 246, 251, 257
Giv‘atron, 33
glottal, 261
gradation, see vowel
grammatical borrowing, 252
grammatical LC, 55-6
graphic borrowing/loan, 48-9, 254
Greek, 1-4, 14f, 15, 17, 38, 79, 95, 98, 119, 128, 149, 150, 178, 222 
Modern, 15, 33, 178-9
guestword, 8, 9, 37, 61, 64, 246, 256
Gusmani, Roberto, 6f, 38

Hagège, Claude, 4, 11, 35
Hancock, Ian, 19
Hansell, Mark Donald, 14, 57-8, 253
harmony, see vowel
Harshav, Benjamin, 84
Haskalah, Enlightenment, 114, 119-22, 221, 242-3, 256, 262
Haugen, Einar, 6, 7, 15, 40
Hazan, Chaim Leib, 1-3, 84, 114
Heath, Jeffrey, 6f
Hebraisms, 47, 27f, 117f
Hebraization, 16, 17, 18, 24, 28, 139, 143-5, 147, 175, 177, 204

Hebrew Language Council (HLC), 24, 70, 85, 111, 119, 126, 132-3, 149, 153-4, 170, 185, 206, 215, 217, 248
Hebroid, 105-7, 130
Heyd, Uriel, 4, 120, 158-60, 162-3, 246
Hierosolyma caput mundi, 16-18, 99, 134f, 153-4, 164
Hindi, 164
historical linguistics, 255-6
Hobson-Jobson, 10f
Hock, Hans Henrich, 6f, 35
Holland, Dorothy, 247
homophonous poems, 31-2
Hungarian, 16, 26, 27, 144f
hybridization, 53, 66, 74, 82, 83, 133, 155, 156, 161, 162, 167, 178, 183f, 186, 190, 206, 213, 218f, 253, 257
hypercorrection, 176, 183-4, 215, 263

iconicity, 33, 62
ideograph, 56-7, 253
ideology, anti-Arabic, 157
illuminati, 114
immigrants, 12, 25, 94f, 102, 103, 127, 144, 182f, 190f, 203, 257
importation, 7, 39, 41, 91, 160, 207, 255
incestuous PSM
by semantic shifting, 94-5
creational, 111-12
implications, 102-3
Indo-European ur-source, 95-6
Nostratic ur-source, 101
Semitic ur-source, 96-101
statistics, 243-5
internal enrichment, see lexical enrichment, roots
International, internationalism, 187-202
Internet, 81, 136, 138
intimate borrowing, 41-2
intra-linguality, 51-3, 64-7, 146
intra-lingual DOPE, 18
introduction of lexeme, 105-22
Irmay, Shraga, 152, 154
Israel Defence Force, see army
Italian, 10, 12, 13, 15f, 22, 29, 31-2, 37-8, 52, 89, 102f, 103, 129, 130, 138f, 179-80, 183-4, 187, 189, 213f, 214, 222, 231, 252f
Ivrit, viii, 105

Jamaican Creole, 7, 51, 54
Japanese, 3, 37, 48-9, 56-8, 61, 69, 146, 147f, 169, 178, 246, 253, 254
transcription, 263-4
Jespersen, Otto, 114f
jocosity, 116, 119
Judaeo-Spanish, Judezmo, 178, 222
Judaization, 139, 144f, 149

kanji, 48, 49, 56, 146, 147, 253, 264
Katz, Dovid, 27f, 121, 262
Katz, Michael, 156
Kaufman, Terrence, 53, 166
Kazakh, 162, 253
Kennedy, Nigel, 110
Kerler, Dov-Ber, 131
Khan, Geoffrey, 262
Khovav, Moshe, 85, 155
Kihm, Alain, 53, 208
King, Robert, 9
Klausner, Joseph, 17, 75, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122f, 142, 148, 174f
Korean, 48, 56
Kronfeld, Chana, 252f
kun-yomi, 146, 264
Kutscher, Edward Yechezkel, 4, 67f, 74f, 77f, 84, 92, 95, 99, 113, 185f

lacunae, see lexical voids
language change, 255
language typology, 252-3
Latin, 26, 30f, 31, 33, 52, 65, 67, 79, 95, 96, 98, 99, 126, 128, 129f, 150, 172f, 177, 187, 189, 214f, 222
lay creations, 247-9, see also popular etymology
lay GPE versus puristic GPE, 23-4
Lazarson, M., 77, 85
Lehiste, Ilse, 11
Lehnwort, see loanword
Le Page, Robert Brock, 53-4
Lewis, Geoffrey, 82f, 141f, 116-17, 154f, 159-65
lexeme, introduction of, 105-22
lexical conflation (LC), 49-56
lexical engineering, see engineering
lexical enrichment, internal vs external, 148-52, see also ex nihilo
lexical voids, 4, 58, 64, 93, 123, 148, 155, 163, 188, 257
lexicography, lexicology, 257-8, see also dictionaries, lexicopoiesis
lexicopoiesis, lexicopoietic classification, 8, 87-122
lingua franca, 54, 63
literary compositions, 30-3
Lithuanian, 26, 96, 253
-Yiddish, 4, 121, 206, 211
loan-translation, see calquing
loanword, 12-13
Loewe, Raphael, 30f, 45f, 81f, 91f
logograph, 56, see also phono-logographic script
logology, 32f
loop, 99, 212-3

macaronic creation, 30
Mandarin, 7, 45, 51, 118, 253, 263, see also Chinese, Taiwan Mandarin
manipulation, 116, 117, 119, 133, 150, 152, 154, 166
Manor, Dori, 32f
marketing, see advertisement
Maskilic Hebrew, see Haskalah
maskilim, see Haskalah
Matisoff, James, 208f
Matthews, Peter, 260
Mazia, Aaron Meyer, 76, 135, 148
media, 85, 110
medicine, 126-8, 223
Medina, Avihu, 146f
memorization, see mnemonics
Mendele, Móykher-Sfórim, 84, 96, 116, 123, 173, 211
metaphor, 10, 16, 37, 98-9, 104-5, 155, 209, 250
metathesis, 19, 130, 145
metonymy, 98-9, 104, 106
Michaeli, Rivka, 85, 91, 155
Middle Ages, 30, 54, 71, 104, 126, 205
military, 30f, 89, 107f, 114f, 147f, 186f, 207, 223
American soldiers, 36, 141
British soldiers/officers, 10, 140f
Israel Defence Forces (IDF), 21, 205
Israeli soldiers, 90, 139, 144, 157
minority language, 252-3
mishkál, see noun-pattern, adjective-pattern
Mishnah, 17, 65, 76, 90, 95, 96, 112, 122f, 124, 126, 135, 173, 209
mizrahi, see Sephardim
mnemonics, 79-82, 173
mocking, 110, 122f
Mockney, 110
Mohar, Ali, 33
mondegreen, 248
mongrel word, 106
morphemic adaptation, 4f, 8, 10, 12, 13, 19, 24, 36, 37, 39, 40, 68, 71, 86, 93, 124, 130, 136, 252f, see also morpho-phonemic adaptation
morphemic script
Hebrew, 56
Chinese, 70
morphological hybrid, 51-3, 107
morphological reanalysis, see reanalysis
morphology, 2, 3, 52, 69f, 247, 250, 254, 256
morpho-phonemic adaptation, 61, 132, 150, 159, 161, 173, 190f, 216, 246, see also morphemic adaptation
Mühlhäusler, Peter, 19, 53, 55
multilingual compositions, 30-3
multisourced neologization (MSN)
advantages, 63-82
classification, 82-6
difficulty of distinguishing between MSN and DOPE, 18-21
music, 33, 75, 83, 88, 102f, 104, 110, 123, 128-30, 155, 167, 184f, 185f, 222, 223, 231, see also songs
mutuatio non grata, 64
Myers-Scotton, Carol, 6f

Nahuatl, 25, 141
names (see also first names)
brands, 58, 59-60, 62, 67, 92f, 118, 177, 230
people, anthroponyms, 77, 83, 138, 142, 176, 181, 230, 246, 256
first names, 27-9
surnames, 20, 28, 140f, 143-7, 161, 175, 177, 183, 249
places, toponyms, 28, 37, 62, 77, 83, 88, 122, 124, 126, 138-43, 145, 147f, 162, 176, 177, 186, 215, 230, 246, 256
rivers, potamonyms, 31, 77, 78, 139f
nationalism, 84
native lexical lacunae, see lexical voids
naturalization, 11, 12, 52, 69f, 179f, 183
Neogrammarians, 9
neologizers, 148-57
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 66f, 85, 181f
New York, 124
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 14f, 179f
nikúd, see vocalization
Nimtza-bi, Mordecai, 144
Nissan, Ephraim, 62f
nomen rectum, see construct state
nomen regens, see construct state
nominalization, 250
normativism, see prescriptivism
Norwegian, 11, 102, 188-9
Nostratic, 80f, 101, 102, 223, 243
noun-pattern, 2, 4, 12, 13, 24, 39, 43, 51, 70, 73, 106, 107, 109, 110, 116, 127, 130, 132, 152, 155f, 167, 186f, 210, 216, 249, 250, 251, 252, 260
Nynorsk, 188

obsolete lexemes, 165, 235, 258, see recycling
Occitan, 100
Old Testament, 65, 80, 103, 112-14, 126-7, 130, 139, 172, 174, 204, 222-3, 249, 264
one-to-one correlation between signifiers and referents, 88, 92-4, 102, 108, 151, 162, 176
onomastics, see names
onomatopoeia, 15, 68, 78, 125, 171f, 208, 256
on-yomi, 48, 264
Optimality Theory, 9f
Oriental
Jews, see Sephardim
Transcription, 260
Ornan, Uzzi, 165, 235, 258
orthoepy, 185, 190f
orthography, 20, 44, 72, 109f, 133f, 184f, (see also writing system)

orthographic FEN, 71, 78, 132, 154, 167, 169, 185, 217, 222, 253
Ottoman Turkish, 157-63

Palestinians, 181
palindrome, 130, 131, 212
Panini, 15f, 52
paretimologia, 14
partial PM, 28, 29-30, 138, 140
particle
grammatical, 55
interrogative, 263
passive folk-etymology, see derivational-only popular etymology
Patterson, David, 84
penultimate stress, 12f, 78, 101, 178, 179, 181, 182, 205, 207
Peres, Shimon, 181
Persian, 22, 67, 89, 90f, 134, 157-8, 164-5, 249
pharyngeal, pharyngealization, 70, 72f, 261-2
philology, 16, 255
phonetic adaptation, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 28, 45f, 56, 60, 102, 108, 110, 136, 138f, 147f, 159, 166, 187
phonetic calquing, 37-49
phonetic matching (PM), 8, 11, 24-34
PM vs PSM, 36-7
phonetics, 126, 247
phonological change, see sound change
phono-logographic script, 51, 52-62, 72, 136, 252-4
phonology, 9, 121, 247, 262
phono-semantic matching (PSM) , 34-7
PSM vs PM, 36-7
phrase MSN, 114-22
pictograph, 56, 253
pidgins and creoles, 51, 53-6, 105, 208, 246, 252-3
pilpul, 64
Pines, Rabbi Yechiel Michal, 3, 13, 75, 109, 115, 148
pleremic script, 56-7, 253
plosive, 2
plural
derogatory, 181-2, 210
double, 11
hypercorrect, 184
Swahili, 11
with foreign/autochthonous stress, 12, 19, 205
Yiddish, 181-2, 210
Podolsky, Baruch, 15f
poetic licence, 117-18
Polish, 16, 42, 43, 46, 83, 133f, 155, 156, 166, 177f, 187-91, 203, 205, 216, 222, 231, 235, 246, 251, 257
-Yiddish, 26, 206
political correctness, 62, 142, 218, 219
politics, 181f
polychronicity, 86, 97, 102, 255
popular etymology, 14, 247-9
Portuguese, 6, 34, 61, 100, 102, 167f, 213
potamonyms, see names
prefix, 56, 73, 74, 129f, 130
prescriptivism, 23-4, 33, 148, 163, 190f, 236, 247-9
prestiti camuffati, 38
primary contributor, 50, 53, 203, 247, 257
Proto-Indo-European, 1f, 3, 16, 80f, 101, 154, 170, 174, 223, 243
Proto-Semitic, 80f, 98, 101, 223, 243
Provençal, see Occitan
pseudo-Anglicism, 11, 102f, 106f, 250
pseudo-Aramaic, 62
psycho-ostensive expressions, 208f
pun, 21-3, 24, 64, 132, 145f, 218f, 249 
purism, 23-4, 247-9, see also prescriptivism

quadriradical root, 186f
Quinn, Naomi, 247
quinqueradical root, 68

Raag, Raimo, 35f, 149, 150f
Rabbinic (Hebrew), 64, 65, 76, 79, 88, 94, 95, 101, 109, 148, 151, 261
Rabin, Chaim, 4, 64f, 65, 153
Rabin, Yitzhak, 181
radical
Hebrew/Israeli, 1f, 2, 37, 66, 67, 68, 70, 167, 186f
Turkish, 164
reabbreviational reanalysis, 23, 206
reanalysis, 11, 14, 17, 23, 39, 67, 73, 114f, 146, 164, 172, 183, 190
recycling obsolete lexemes, 74-9
redivision of lexical boundaries, 31, 146
reduplication, 12, 37, 66, 136f, 206-7
referent, 36-7, 92-4
referent-SPM, 36-7
reinvented language, 148-86
rejective concoction, 62, 117, 122f, 219
religious terms, 62, 75
rendaku, 146-7
rephonologization, 47-8, 146, 161f, 185, 189-90, 219
reverse metonymy, see metonymy
revival, revivalists, 1f, 24, 63, 64, 65, 66f, 83, 84, 115, 116, 148-52, 166, 188, 247, 249, 256
Revolutionized Turkish, see Turkish
Romaine, Suzanne, 258f
romanization, 177-8, 263
Romany, 210-12, 253
roots (see bi-radical, quadriradical, quinqueradical, secondary, tertiary, tri-radical)
internal sources of enrichment, 64-7
Rosén, Haiim, 212f
Russian, 26, 27, 32, 33, 38, 42, 43, 46, 21-2, 83, 84, 104, 122, 128, 150, 166, 174f, 187, 189, 190, 210-12, 215, 219, 222, 231, 235, 246, 251, 257
immigrants to Israel, 127, 182f
Jews, 29
transliteration, 265

Sachlehnwörter, 38
Saddan, Dov, 17, 35f, 42f, 43f, 74, 90, 96f, 123f, 124, 134f, 141f, 155, 168f, 169, 185f, 188, 203, 204, 208, 210
Safá Brurá, 85
Sanskrit, 15f, 59, 62
Sarfatti, Gad Ben-Ami, 77f, 125, 176, 188, 205, 211f
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 9f, 254-5, 258
Schwarzwald, Ora, 65
script, see writing system
secondary derivative, 3, 10, 38, 39, 40, 45, 76, 85, 91, 93f, 206, 218f, 246, 250, 257
secondary root, 51, 65-6, 73, 101, 107, 154, 250
secret argots, 26-7, 252-3
secularization, 75
semantic compromise, 116, 118-19
semantic loan, 6, 7, 39, 40-3, 85, 93f, 101, 103-5, 155
semantic shifting (PSM by), 6, 39, 50, 76f, 77, 82, 88-91, 92, 93f, 105, 113, 119, 137, 151, 156, 166, 168, 171, 186, 215, 218, 219, 222, 236, 250
incestuous, 94-103
that includes semantic loan, 103-5
with Yiddish, 203-5
semanticized loan, 4
semanticized phonetic matching (SPM), 36-7
semanticized transcription, 4
sememe, addition of, 87-105
Semitic languages, see Akkadian, Arabic, Aramaic, Assyrian, Proto-Semitic, Syriac
sense-SPM, 36-7, 45, 203
Sephardim, 109-10, 144, 147, 177f
serendipity, 64, 122f, 249
Shapira, Amnon, 84, 134, 189
signifier, 92-4
Singh, Rajendra, 52-3, 114f, 164f
Singlish, 52, 53, 102f, 106f
Sino-Japanese, see on-yomi
slang, slangism, 2, 20, 21-3, 29-30, 42, 68, 76f, 78f, 81, 90f, 106f, 107f, 114f, 130, 134f, 156, 175, 206-7, 212, 220, 247, 258, 264
vs colloquial speech, 21
smikhút, see construct state
snobbative, 184f, 190f

socio-historical circumstances making Israeli liable to MSN, 63-4
sociolinguistics, 148-86, 256-7
soldiers, see military
songs, 30-1, 33, 85, 91, 102f, 108, 109-10, 146f, 155, 248
sound laws, 9
source languages, 187-220
borrowings preserving SL sound, 7-37
Soviet Union, Sovietization, 38, 164, 166, 253, 257
Spanish, 10, 11, 15, 20, 25, 34, 38, 74, 77, 79, 97-100, 103, 111, 113, 124, 136f, 147, 167f, 178, 182, 184f, 185, 213, 214
see also Judaeo-Spanish
specificizing MSN, 87-8
spirantization, 2
Sprachbund, 188f
standard, standardization, 11, 260
Arabic, 15, 93f, 100f
Basque, 34
French, 25
German, 102f
Italian, 35, 102
Yiddish, 1
standard average European, 188f
Starosta, Stanley, 114f
statistics, 221-45
structural compromise, 116-18
substitution, 7, 41, 89, 145, 219, 255
substratum, 53, 55, 56, 217, 222
successful MSNs, explanations
FEN not phonetically close to SL lexical item, 173-4
MSN deHebraized and regarded as alien, 178-84
neologism spelled as FEN but pronounced as SL word, 174-8
perception en bloc of compound containing FEN, 185-6
statistics, 235-41
suffixes, 2, 11, 19, 35, 47, 52, 67, 71, 74, 86, 105, 106, 108, 111, 116, 119, 128, 130, 133, 150, 154, 158-63, 170, 181, 184, 187, 189, 190, 210, 212, 220, 224, 252
Sun Language Theory, 164-5
superstratum, 55, 56, 83, 217, 220, 222, 231
survival, 53, 149, 251
Swahili, 11, 52
swear words, see euphemisms
Swedish, 28, 150, 167f, 247
Sweetser, Eve, 247
symmetry, 212
synchronic intra-linguality of morphological hybrids and MSNs, 51-3, 106, 145, 161
synchronicity, 14, 24, 51-3, 187, 255

Syriac, 117, 134
Systemzwang, 181

Taiwan Mandarin, 4, 57, 138, 168f, 263
Talmud, 62, 73, 78, 88, 112, 117, 127, 142, 155, 156, 178, 183, 186, 219, 135f
Tamil, 140
tautological expression, 112, 138, 206
technology, 58-9
Teharlev, Yoram, 33
terminology, 58-61, 123-47
terrorists, 162, 181-2
tertiary root, 73
Thomason, Sarah (Sally), 53, 166
Tkhiya, see revival
Tok Pisin, 7, 51, 54-5, 208, 253
toponyms, see names
Torczyner, Naphtali Herz, 10, 11, 38, 67, 68, 84, 89, 97, 108, 134f, 155, 165, 171, 176, 215, 248-9, see also Tur-Sinai
Toury, Gideon, 4, 104, 107f, 108, 121, 130f, 218
transcription, 61, 177, 260-4
Arabic, 262
Chinese, 263
Hebrew, 261-2
Israeli, 260-1
Japanese, 263-4
Yiddish, 262
translation, 28, 32, 33, 37, 61, 90, 104, 114, 117, 139, 151, 175, 180, 203, 265
transliteration
Hebrew/Israeli, 264-5
Russian, 265
tri-radical root, 1f
tri-sourced neologism, 78f, 133, 134f
Turkish, Revolutionized Turkish, 153-4
FEN, 158-63
language revolution (1928-36), 157-8
Language Society, 157, 165
Sun Language Theory, 164-5
Turkish FEN vs Israeli FEN, 163-4
Tur-Sinai, Naphtali Herz, 17, 18, 63, 84, 155, 249, see also Torczyner
typology, 6, 252-3

Ukrainian, 31, 210-12, 253
Umlaut, 68
unassimilated borrowing, see guestword
unborrowability of morphemes, 51-3, 106, 145, 161
unspecific suffix, 116
Urschöpfung, 149
Ursprache
Hebrew, 16
Turkish, 164
use-intensification, 42f, 91, 130, 176, 186

váad halashón, see Hebrew Language Council
verbalization, 36-7, 39
verb-pattern, 1f, 18, 40, 68, 69, 73, 130, 209, 219, 250, 251, 260
vernacular
Arabic, 15, 70-1, 74, 93, 97, 140, 178-9, 213, 215-16, 262
Latin, 30f
Verschik, Anna, 150f
Vietnamese, 48, 263
vocalization, 32f, 41f, 131, 145, 175-6, 178, 182, 185, 216, 253, 261
Volksetymologie, 14f, see folk-etymology
vowel
assimilation, 68
gradation, 68
harmony, 212
marking, see vocalization

Wanderlehnwörter, 38
Weiner, Edmund, 248f
Weinreich, Max, 81, 131, 209, 247
Weinreich, Uriel, 6f, 10, 28f, 42f, 52, 68, 96, 102, 120-1, 126, 133f, 134f, 138f, 142, 147, 167, 185f, 191, 209, 210
Wexler, Paul, 30f, 63, 68, 69f, 74f, 147, 173, 188, 203f, 210, 212, 253
whole-for-part metonymy, see metonymy
word formation, 12
strategies, 52
writing system, 56-7, 70, 157, 174-8, 253-5

Yavin, Haim, 85
Yellin, David, 85, 116, 148f
Yiddish
and Polish, 205
and Ukrainian/Russian, 210-12
calquing/rephonologization, 47-8
compound PSM, 212-14
creational MSNs, 209-10
International, 187-90
Lithuanian-Yiddish, 4, 206, 211
MSN cum onomatopoeia, 208
Polish-Yiddish, 26, 206
PSMs by semantic shifting, 203-5
transcription, 262
verbal MSN involving reduplication, 206-7
Yudilovich, David, 85, 97

Zionism, 84, 144
zoology, 83, 88, 123-6, 223 see also animals
Zukofsky, Celia Thaew and Louis, 33





IN ISRAELI

צוקרמן, גלעד 2003. מגע בין שפות והעשרה לקסיקלית בעברית הישראלית. לונדון-ניו יורק: פלגרייב מקמילן.

תקציר

העברית הישראלית היא שפה מדוברת, ש"הומצאה מחדש" במהלך המאה העשרים. היא הגיבה לדרישות החברתיות של המדינה המתהווה, כמו גם לגלובליזציה המתגברת, באמצעות אוצר-מילים שהתפתח במהירות והועשר על ידי מגע עם שפות זרות רבות מספור. במחקר המפורט והקפדני שלפנינו מספק הכותב סיווג מושכל של התחדישים, השדות הסמנטיים שלהם ותפקידיהן של שפות-המקור, לצד מחקר סוציו-בלשני על גישותיהם של טהרנים ושל דוברים ילידיים רגילים כלפי העשרה לקסיקלית. הניתוח שהוא מציע למתח שבין יצירתיות לשונית לבין שימור של זהות לשונית מובחנת מרחיב את הדיון מעבר למקרה של העברית הישראלית, באמצעות השוואות חדשניות עם התורכית המחודשת, סינית מנדרינית, יפנית, ערבית, יידיש, שפות קראוליות ושפות נוספות.

בפתח האלף השלישי מתאפיין עולמנו בתקשורת חובקת עולם ובתפוצה רחבה של אמצעים טכנולוגיים. הנזילוּת וההשתנוּת של המילה אינן מכבדות שום גבולות, וייתכן שלשיעור ההשתנוּת לא תהיינה מקבילות אפילו בדורות עתידיים (ואחידים יותר). המחקר לגבי אופניו השונים של 'מגע בין לשונות' והדינמיקה שלו לא יכול היה להופיע בזמן מתאים יותר.

תוכן עניינים

תודות
קיצורים
הקדמה

נקודות-מבט חדשות לגבי העשרה לקסיקלית
המקרה של ה"ישראלית": חידוש רב-מקורי כטכניקה אידיאלית להעשרה לקסיקלית
תוספת סממה לעומת חידוש לקסמה
חידוש רב-מקורי בתחומי-מינוח שונים
ניתוח סוציו-בלשני: גישות כלפי חידוש רב-מקורי ב"שפות מומצאות מחדש"
שפות המקור
ניתוח סטטיסטי
מסקנות והשלכות תיאורטיות
נספח: רישום, תעתוק ותרגום
מקורות
מפתח



IN MANDARIN CHINESE

新书推荐：《语言接触与以色列希伯来语词汇扩充研究》 Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
（2003）Ghil'ad Zuckermann，诸葛漫 (Zhuge Man), 伦敦-纽约:
Palgrave Macmillan. Hardback, 304 pages, 216mm x 138mm, ISBN: 140391723X.

作者简介：Ghil'ad Zuckermann，诸葛漫 (Zhuge Man), 英国牛津大学语言学系获得博士学位，现任教于剑桥大学语言学系，丘吉尔学院Gulbenkian研究院士。曾用英语、以色列语、意大利语、意第绪语、西班牙语、德语和俄语撰写并发表论文，并应邀在新加坡、美国和以色列讲学，在意大利、日本和澳大利亚做兼职研究。

评论：
美国加州大学伯克利分校语言学系教授James A. Matisoff认为：
该书行文十分生动，从众多角度进行论证，是对语言再生现象的美妙阐释。特别是在当前全球化和语际交流飞速发展的历史潮流中，该书的出版相当的及时。

美国芝加哥大学语言学教授Jeffrey Heath认为：
该书留给人的印象十分深刻。诸葛谩对于欧洲和希伯来词汇编纂的论述具有相当的广度……而且，其阐述问题的框架生动活泼，为我们提供了大量词义（和复合词义）的具体发展历史，同时为这些词汇勾勒出了其在该领域的重要地位。

美国马萨诸塞州大学教授Shmuel Bolozky认为：
该书第一次将Phono-Semantic Matching (PSM, 音素语义相配) 模式应用于词语构建机制当中，不仅对于研究以色列希伯来语词汇构成体系做出了重大的贡献，而且对研究普遍意义上的语言变异现象也十分有益。

英国牛津大学圣安东尼学院教授Geoffrey Lewis认为：
该书不仅对于从事此课题研究的学者和研究生有用，对于希伯来语学者也十分有帮助。而且，任何一位喜欢词汇的外行都会对它感兴趣并可以从中有所收获。该书是语源学研究领域的一部重要的创新著作。

纲要：
以色列希伯来语是20世纪复活的一种口语语言系统。它的再生受到新出现的国家体制以及全球化倾向的影响，尤其表现在词汇的发展上，受到多种外语语源的影响而进行扩充。该书论述入微，行文活泼，例证丰富，作者对造词机制、语义指向以及源语言在其中扮演的角色进行了系统地归类与分析，并用社会语言学的方法对各语言讲母语者进行访谈。对于语言接触带来的各种变革，作者不仅对以色列语进行分析，还例举了大量土耳其语、现代汉语、日语、阿拉伯语、意第绪语以及克里奥尔语等进行对比分析。

在第三个千禧年开始之际，我们所生存的世界以全球化、世界性的交流、技术设施和言语表述设施的广泛使用以及语言的扩展主义为特征。词语不需要任何国界，而且其广度可能到将来一段时期（异类减少）也无法达到。因此，对于语言和政治接触带来的模式和动力等的研究没有比现在更适时的了。

内容：
致谢

简介

词汇扩充研究新视角
以色列语现状：多源造词成为词汇扩充最理想手段
义位扩充与词位引入
不同术语领域的多源造词
社会语言学分析：对“复活语言”多源造词机制的态度
源语言介绍
数据分析
结论和理论阐释
附录
参考书目

索引



IN ITALIAN

Contatto Linguistico ed Arricchimento Lessicale nell'Ebraico Israeliano

ZUCKERMANN, Ghil`ad 2003. Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. London-New York: Palgrave Macmillan. (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). Hardback, 304 pages, 216mm x 138mm, ISBN: 140391723X.

POTETE ORDINARE QUESTO LIBRO PRESSO LA CASA EDITRICE


RECENSIONI


"...affascinante e ricco di aspetti... un'esaltazione alla creativita' linguistica... Si attiene in modo particolare al contesto storico odierno sia della globalizzazione e sia dei rapporti di reciproca influenza linguistica mondiale."

- Professor James A. Matisoff, Dipartimento di Linguistica, Universita' della California, Berkeley


"Il volume e' estremamente impressionante. Zuckermann dimostra una maestria sia in lessicografia europea che in quella ebraica. Sviluppando una struttura basata su un'analisi rigorosa, offre molte etimologie dettagliate di vocaboli (ed espressioni), come pure fornisce una posizione ben specifica su temi di alto valore."

- Jeffrey Heath, Professore di Linguistica, Universita' di Michigan


"E' la prima volta che qualcuno dedica la sua attenzione alla vastita' a cui il ruolo dell''abbinamento fono-semantico' e' applicato nella formazione del vocabolo... fornisce un importante contributo allo studio dell'evoluzione del vocabolo ebraico israeliano in particolare e del 'cambiamento linguistico' in generale."

- Shmuel Bolozky, Professore di Ebraico, Universita' di Massachusets


"Questo libro non interessera' solamente gli studiosi e gli studenti graduati della materia ma anche gli ebraisti e piu' che altro ogni giurisprudente amante dei termini lo trovera' ammaliante e divertente... esso costituisce scientificamente e con una certa dose di originalita' un contributo eccezionale per la scienza dell'etimologia."

- Professor Geoffrey Lewis, St Antony's College, Universita' di Oxford


"Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew e' meraviglioso ed ammaliante. Non credo che esista un'universita' italiana che non lo inserisca negli scaffali della sua biblioteca perche' e' effettivamente un patrimonio culturale obbligatorio e - come gli altri lavori del Professor Zuckermann - e' molto approfondito, fondamentale originale e scritto in modo affascinante per tutti, e specialmente per i linguisti ed i filologi."

- Dott. S. De Filippi, Docente di Storia d'Arte


IN RUSSIAN

Языковой контакт и лексическое обогащение израильского иврита
ЦУКЕРМАН, Гил’ад, 2003 Языковые контакты и лексическое обогащение израильского иврита. Лондон, Нью-Йорк. Палгрэйв Макмиллан (Серия Палгрэйв по истории и изменениям языка, Редактор серии: Чарльз Джонс). Hardback, 304 pages, 216mm x 138mm, ISBN: 140391723X.

Заказать книгу у издателя по почте или через  интернет


Аннотация
Израильский иврит - живой, разговорный язык, "воссозданый" в XX векe. На общественные запросы нового государства, а также на усиливающийся процесс глобализации иврит отвечает стремительным развитием своего словаря, обогащаемого в результате разнообразных контактов с иными языками. В  подробном исследовании автор дает принципиальную классификацию неологизмов, их семантических полей, анализирует роли языков-источников и приводит социолингвистическую оценку тенденций обогащения языка, как у пуристов, так и у рядовых носителей.

Анализ противоречий между речевым творчеством и сохранением четкой языковой идентичности выводит исследование за рамки только «израильского языка». Автор производит новаторское сравнение его с революционизированным турецким, китайским мандарином, японским, арабским, идишем, эстонским, суахили, а также гибридными (пиджин) и креольским языками.

В начале третьего тысячелетия в мире развиваются всемирные коммуникации, широко распространяются высокие технологии, появляются новые способы общения. Миграция слов не знает границ, и, возможно даже, что у будущих, менее "разнородных" поколений лексическая мобильность не будет столь высока, как сегодня. Изучение способов и динамики языковых контактов является поэтому сегодня более чем своевременным.

Содержание
Посвящения
Сокращения
Введение

1.    Новые перспективы лексического обогащения.
2.    Явление израильского иврита: многоисточниковая неологизация (МИН) как идеальная техника языкового обогащения.
3.    Присоединение языковых форм Семемы в противоположность внесениям лексем.
4.    МИН в различных терминологических областях.
5.    Социолингвистический анализ: отношение к МИН в "воссозданных языках".
6.    Языки-источники.
7.    Статистический анализ.
8.    Заключение и теоретические выводы.
Приложение: Транскрипция, транслитерация и перевод.
Ссылки
Индекс

Рецензии
"...Захватывающий и многогранный... гимн лингвистическому творчеству. Он особенно своевремен в современном историческом контексте быстрой глобализации и взаимного языкового влияния ".
- Проф. Джeймс Матисофф. Отделение лингвистики, Калифорнийского университета в Бeркли.


"Книга крайне впечатляет. Цукерман демонстрирует замечательное искусство в области европейской и еврейской лексикографии... Вместе со строгой аналитической структурой он рассказывает историю происхождения многих конкретных слов и выражений и четко определяет позиции по вопросам, имеющим огромное значение".
- Джефри Хит, лингвист, профессор Мичиганского университета.

"...Впервые обращается внимание на сильную зависимость ‘фонетико-семантического соответствия’ со словообразованием... что является важнейшим вкладом в изучение словообразования, как в израильском иврите, и в исследовании общих языковых превращений".
- Шмуэль Болоцкий, профессор ивритской филологии Массачусетского университета.

"...Книга заинтересует не только исследователей и студентов, занимающихся этой темой, но и специалистов в области иврита. Более того, неспециалисты, любители словесности найдут ее занимательной и интересной... Эта книга, являясь одновременно научной и оригинальной, представляет собой выдающийся вклад в науку этимологии".
- Джефри Льюис, профессор Колледжа Св. Антония, Оксфордского университета.


Др. Гил’ад Цукерман PhD (Оксфорд) - Научный сотрудник Колледжа Черчилля Кембриджского университета. Преподает на Факультете востоковедения и состоит при Департаменте лингвистики Кембриджского университета. Опубликованы труды по-английски, на израильском иврите, по-итальянски, по-немецки, на идише, по-испански и по-русски; занимался преподавательской работой в Сингапуре, США и Израиле. Работал в научно-исследовательских учреждениях Италии, Японии и Австралии. Спискок публикаций можно найти здесь


AUTHOR'S NAME

Hebrew: גלעד צוקרמן, Chinese: 诸葛漫 (Zhuge Man (in Mandarin)), Japanese: 佐藤 幸長 (Sato Yukinaga), Yiddish: גלעד צוקערמאַן, Russian: Гилад Цукерман, Arabic: جلعاد تسوكرمن

MISSPELLINGS: Gilad Zuckerman, Dott. Ghilad Zukerman, Prof. Gil'ad Tsukerman, Professor Gilead Superman, Sir Galahad Tzukerman, Dr. G. Ghil-ad Sugarman, Mr Gillard Zimmermann, Mr. Gil`ad Gilhad Gil'had Zookerman, Dr Gill Gile'ad Tsookerman, Gideon Zimerman, Gideon Tsimerman,  Gee Zukermann, Ghill Ghild Ghil'd Gilard Ghiyard Ghillard Gerard Zulkarnain, Jihad Zulkarman, Gillardo Giulio D.Phil. (Oxon.), Ph.D. (Cambridge), Gil-ad Giladiator, Noam Chomsky, Ghiladiator, Ghil'adiator Ph.D. (Cantab.), M.A. (summa cum laude) (Tel Aviv), 诸葛谩, 诸葛曼, Гил'ад Цукерманн, צוקערמאן, גיל-עד, גילעד,

You Already Know Hebrew/English אתם כבר יודעים אנגלית

Tel Aviv: Keren, 2009 (in print)

Keywords: Applied Linguistics, Second Language Learning, Second Language Acquisition, Israeli, Hebrew, English, Mnemonics, Alternative Methods of Foreign Language Teaching, ESL, TEFT, LOTE.

Two for Tingo: Linguistic Relativism (The Israeli translation of Adam Jacot de Boinod's The Meaning of Tingo) צריך שניים לטינגו: הלשון כבבואה של תרבות

Tel Aviv: Keren, 2009 (forthcoming); Contributor of two chapters + Scientific editor

Keywords: Lexicology, Language and Culture, Second Language Learning, Linguistic Relativity, Relativism, Universals, Everything is Relative, Etymythology, Folk Etymology, Fake Etymology, Popular Etymology, Yiddish, Hebrew, Israeli, Hungarian, Polish, Japanese, Balinese, Chile.

Main Author: Adam Jacot de Boinod
(Translator: Guy Sharett)
Author of Two Chapers: Ghil'ad Zuckermann
Editor: Noam Ordan
Scientific Editor: Ghil'ad Zuckermann
Publisher: Dorit Eckerling, Keren Publishing House


צריך שניים לטינגו - הלשון כבבואה של תרבות

גלעד צוקרמן, נועם אורדן, גיא שרת, דורית אקרלינג

The Sociology of Jewish Languages

Special Issue of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language (IJSL) [forthcoming]

Publisher: MOUTON DE GRUYTER
General Editor: JOSHUA A. FISHMAN

Theme Proposals, as well as Paper Proposals Most Welcome.

Afro-Asiatic Languages and Cultures

Leiden: Brill, 2010, Editor.

Handbook of Afro-Asiatic Linguistics

Leiden: Brill, 2010, Editor.

Language Genesis and Multiple Causation

Forthcoming.

Language, Religion and Identity

Forthcoming.